[ARTICLE PARTIAL RETRACTION] Organic acid carriers in tolerance to toxic aluminum in wheat

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in plants is seen in about 15% of the soils worldwide, restraining yields in arable land. In Brazil, acidic soils limit production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other cereals. Al is toxic for most winter cereals when its concentration increases and soil pH is below 5. One of the main concerns with acidic soil is the increase in the mobility of Al3+ions. Al binds to cell walls in roots, preventing meristematic elongation in sensitive species, causing damage to the root system and results in lower yields. Al3+ forms highly stable complexes with phosphorus (P), limiting its availability to plants, as well as reducing cell division and elongation. To deal with Al toxicity, plants have developed strategies such as organic acid (OA) exudation by roots; this mechanism of detoxification has been well-characterized. OAs, in turn, chelate ions Al3, forming non-toxic compounds that do not penetrate the root system. Some genes responsible for Al tolerance in wheat have been identified, particularly TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B that transport malate and citrate OAs, respectively. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms by which Al damages roots those by which plants are protected, primarily through two genes. We also described the interaction of the ALMT1 gene with P and iron (Fe).

Seed Priming with Salicylic Acid Minimizes Oxidative Effects of Aluminum on Trifolium Seedlings

“…Fabaceae introduction through overseeding under these conditions is often compromising, since physiological disorders can alter the main metabolic functions in plants (Abedi et al 2013;Singh et al 2017). Physiological changes make the limitation of root growth a marked effect of this element in a wide variety of plant species (Furlan et al 2018;Savic et al 2018;Silva et al 2018;Dorneles et al 2019). Adesmia latifolia, T. repens, and Trifolium pratense forage legume seedlings grown in environment subjected to 16% Al saturation have shown 65% reduction in first-order branches in comparison with those grown in environment subjected to 0% saturation (Scheffer-Basso and Prior 2015).…”

O papel do silício nas plantas

“…Sabe-se que aproximadamente 68% dos solos brasileiros são ácidos e afetados pelo alumínio, que pode reduzir em até 40% a produtividade das culturas (Quaggio, 2000). Assim em pH abaixo de 5,5, ocorre a solubilização do alumínio trivalente (Al 3+ ), tornando-o facilmente disponível na solução do solo e podendo ser prontamente absorvido pelo sistema radicular das plantas (Silva et al, 2018).…”

Caracterização Fenotípica De Linhagens De Trigo Quanto À Tolerância Ao Alumínio Em Solução Mínima / Phenotypic Characterization of Wheat Inbred Lines to Aluminum Tolerance in Minimal Solution

“…No Brasil, cerca de 68% dos solos são ácidos, os quais podem reduzir em até 40% a produtividade das plantas, devido principalmente a alta concentração de Al (QUAGGIO, 2000). Uma vez que, o pH dos solos ácidos fica abaixo de 5,5, ocorre a solubilização do Al trivalente (Al 3+ ), o qual fica disponível na fase líquida do solo, sendo facilmente absorvido pelas raízes (SILVA et al, 2018).…”

“…O trigo é uma das espécies mais sensíveis à toxicidade causada pelo Al e o uso de genótipos tolerantes é uma estratégia interessante para o cultivo em solos ácidos (SILVA et al, 2018). Dessa forma, entender os mecanismos de tolerância ao Al e usar essas informações para o desenvolvimento de genótipos tolerantes, torna-se uma importante estratégia para os programas de melhoramento (HARTWIG et al, 2007).…”