Arthropod venom Hyaluronidases: biochemical properties and potential applications in medicine and biotechnology

Abstract

Hyaluronidases are enzymes that mainly degrade hyaluronan, the major glycosaminoglycan of the interstitial matrix. They are involved in several pathological and physiological activities including fertilization, wound healing, embryogenesis, angiogenesis, diffusion of toxins and drugs, metastasis, pneumonia, sepsis, bacteremia, meningitis, inflammation and allergy, among others. Hyaluronidases are widely distributed in nature and the enzymes from mammalian spermatozoa, lysosomes and animal venoms belong to the subclass EC 3.2.1.35. To date, only five three-dimensional structures for arthropod venom hyaluronidases (Apis mellifera and Vespula vulgaris) were determined. Additionally, there are four molecular models for hyaluronidases from Mesobuthus martensii, Polybia paulista and Tityus serrulatus venoms. These enzymes are employed as adjuvants to increase the absorption and dispersion of other drugs and have been used in various off-label clinical conditions to reduce tissue edema. Moreover, a PEGylated form of a recombinant human hyaluronidase is currently under clinical trials for the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. This review focuses on the arthropod venom hyaluronidases and provides an overview of their biochemical properties, role in the envenoming, structure/activity relationship, and potential medical and biotechnological applications.

Venom Composition of Egyptian and Carniolan Honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Affected by Collection Methods.

“…Hyaluronidase compressing about 1-3% of venom dry weight and contains 382 amino acids (Hossen et al, 2017) with molecular weight range 35-53 KDa. It called as "spreading factor" because it hydrolyzing viscous hyaluronic acid lead to lose viscosity between cells thus catalyzing systemic poisoning into the body (Bordon et al, 2015). Hyaluronidase preparations have been used successfully in medicine as a coefficient with anticancer drugs (Moga et al, 2018).…”

Hyaluronidase: the spreading factor of Tityus serrulatus venom

“…The role of hyaluronidases in venom spreading has been investigated, as this enzyme is a component vastly described both in vertebrate and invertebrate animal venoms. However, no study so far has shown how hyaluronidase activity interferes with venom distribution [17,40–44].…”

Composition and biological activities of the aqueous extracts of three scleractinian corals from the Mexican Caribbean: Pseudodiploria strigosa, Porites astreoides and Siderastrea siderea

“…Hyaluronidases are enzymes widely reported in venoms that are not toxic by themselves, but are known as “spreading factors” because they promote the diffusion of toxins through the tissues of the prey [50]. In a predictive study, potential toxin-encoding genes were identified in the scleractinian coral Acropora digitifera ; the same study revealed putative PLA 2 , serine protease, and hyaluronidase enzymes in that scleractinian coral [51].…”