Arthropod Faunas of Monocultures and Polycultures in Reseeded Rangelands

Spangler, S. M.; MacMahon, James A.

doi:10.1093/ee/19.2.244

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Invertebrate predators are often considered generalized feeders (Hagen 1986, Bernays 1988, Nentwig 1989, Reitze and Nentwig 1991 and the abundance and diversity of predatory taxa are high in many types of habitats (Mayse and Price 1978, Whitcomb 1981, Pimm 1982, Shaw et al 1987, Schoenly 1990, Spangler and MacMahon 1990. Thus, it is likely that free-living insect herbivores are exposed to a number of different predator species in natural settings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Tortoise Beetle Larval Shields Against Different Predator Species

Olmstead¹,

Denno²

1993

Ecology

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Larvae of the tortoise beetles Charidotella bicolor and Deloyala guttata carry shields formed from exuviae and feces over their bodies that are thought to provide protection from natural enemies. We investigated the effectiveness of shields as a defense against three groups of invertebrate predators (mandibulate, piercing/sucking, and chelicerate taxa) common in tortoise beetle habitats.Choice experiments, functional response studies, measurements of predator body size and mouthpart length, and a literature review indicated that predators with long piercing! sucking mouthparts (i.e., Heteroptera) were the most effective predators of tortoise beetles. For example, relatively large heteropterans with long, piercing/sucking mouthparts (e.g., Nabis americoferus and Podisus maculiventris) were not deterred by shields whereas small predators with short beaks (e.g., Geocoris punctipes) were. Likewise, coccinellid predators with short mandibles were deterred by the shield, while a carabid predator with long mandibles (Lebiafuscata) was effective at killing tortoise beetle larvae. No clear patterns of the effectiveness of shields against chelicerate predators were evident. Choice experiments also indicated that small tortoise beetle larvae were more susceptible to predator attack than were larger instars. Additionally, the effectiveness of the shields against different predators was quite similar between the two tortoise beetles.Field experiments indicated that predators are an important source of mortality for tortoise beetle larvae in natural settings, and high larval mortality is associated with elevated densities of predators with piercing/sucking mouthparts, such as heteropterans. Thus, shields provide some but not universal protection against the variety of predators present in tortoise beetle communities.

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confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Tortoise Beetle Larval Shields Against Different Predator Species

Olmstead¹,

Denno²

1993

Ecology

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“…Its life cycle is unknown and the nymphs have not been described. Although C. americanus is reported to develop on introduced crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., Poaceae) (Spangler and MacMahon 1990), native hosts have not been identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pubescence is simple, short, and appressed. The Nymphs were reported to occur in early May in central Utah by Spangler and MacMahon (1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). The species is known from southeast Alberta to central Saskatchewan in Canada (Kelton 1980), south across Montana (Mills 1939(Mills , 1941 to South Dakota (Knight 1939), Nebraska (SCAN 2023), and southern Colorado (Polhemus 1994), and west to western Wyoming (Kondrateiff and Schmidt 2005) and central Utah (Knowlton 1954;Spangler and MacMahon 1990) in the USA. In addition, apparently disjunct populations have been reported from northwestern Canada, including the Yukon (Scudder 2008) and the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula at the northern boundary of the Northwest Territories (SCAN 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only bionomic information available for C. americanus appears to be research conducted by Spangler and MacMahon (1990) in a monoculture of introduced crested wheatgrass in a reseeded rangeland pasture in central Utah. Conostethus americanus was reported as one of three "major sap feeders" on crested wheatgrass and exhibited "strong relationships" to its phenology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Cycle of the Phyline Plant Bug Conostethus americanus Knight, 1939 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) in Native Mixed-Grass Prairie in Wyoming, USA

Clark

2024

JIHS

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The life cycle of the phyline plant bug Conostethus americanus Knight 1939 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae) is described from native mixed-grass prairie in southeast Wyoming. The bug is monophagous, univoltine, and overwinters as eggs in tufts of its host, Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl, Poaceae). Eggs are laid in the host’s leaf sheaths and occasionally along the rib of wilted leaves. The eggs hatch in April, coinciding with the host’s first spring leaf growth. During the daytime, older nymphs (instars III–V) and recently molted adults are typically found on bare ground, adjacent to the host tuft crowns. After dark, the nymphs and recently molted adults climb onto the leaves to feed. The first adults appear in early May. Males outnumber females 1.5:1. Mating and oviposition occur during the latter half of May and early June. The distribution of C. americanus and its host are mapped. Seasonality is described. Host specificity and habitat affinity, which prevent competition with the ubiquitous Labops hesperius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), are discussed. Photographs of adults, eggs, nymphs, host feeding damage, and habitat are provided.

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Host Plant Associations ofAnagrusspp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) andErythroneura elegantula(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Northern California

et al. 2016

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Anagrus erythroneurae S. Trjapitzin & Chiappini and Anagrus daanei Triapitsyn are the key parasitoids of the western grape leafhopper (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn) in northern California vineyards. Erythroneura elegantula overwinters as an adult in reproductive diapause. To successfully overwinter, Anagrus spp. must locate an alternate leafhopper host that overwinters in an egg stage that they can parasitize. These alternate leafhopper hosts are thought to be primarily located in the natural habitats surrounding vineyards. This study identifies the noncrop host plants utilized by Anagrus spp. not only during the overwintering period but throughout the entire year, as well as the leafhopper species associated with these host plants. Over a 2-yr period, Anagrus spp. and leafhoppers were sampled from numerous plants in natural and cultivated habitats surrounding vineyards. Results from this study confirm previously known Anagrus spp. host plants, but also identify new host plant species. Some of the host plants harbored Anagrus spp. year-round while others were utilized only during certain periods of the year. Leafhoppers associated with Anagrus spp. host plants may potentially serve as the alternate host utilized by Anagrus spp. on these plants, but this was not confirmed in the current study. Records of E. elegantula demonstrate their cyclical movement between the vineyard floor (winter), temporary noncrop hosts (spring/fall), and the grape vine canopy (summer).

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Arthropod Faunas of Monocultures and Polycultures in Reseeded Rangelands

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Effectiveness of Tortoise Beetle Larval Shields Against Different Predator Species

Effectiveness of Tortoise Beetle Larval Shields Against Different Predator Species

Life Cycle of the Phyline Plant Bug Conostethus americanus Knight, 1939 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) in Native Mixed-Grass Prairie in Wyoming, USA

Host Plant Associations ofAnagrusspp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) andErythroneura elegantula(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Northern California

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