Arthrogryposis in caudal duplication. An anatomical and histological study of arthrogrypotic limbs

Polymelous Layer Chick Displaying Additional Malformations of the Hind Gut: Case Report and In‐Depth Review of Related Literature

“…Ghazi and Dadras, ; Ahangaran et al., ). A comparable case of caudal duplication with arthrogryposis of the supernumerary limb has been described in a human (Matthews et al., ). The contractions of the developing muscles inserting on the bones guide the shaping of the bones and the development of the joints.…”

“…The contractions of the developing muscles inserting on the bones guide the shaping of the bones and the development of the joints. The lack of musculature may be owing to an early absence of myotome‐derived cells or a secondary muscle degeneration caused by a lack of innervation (Matthews et al., ; Noden and de Lahunta, ; Sinowatz, ). Thus, the present case is unusual because small‐calibre blood vessels and nerves as well as at least one macroscopically identifiable muscle strand supplied the proximal part of the polymelous alterations.…”

Congenital Lumbosacral Limb Duplication: A Case Report

“…Isolated limb duplication is such a rare congenital condition that only 17 cases have been documented. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] It is widely accepted that adverse embryogenic influences are responsible for this kind of anomaly. Limb differentiation occurs roughly between the fourth and fifth weeks of embryonic development, 17 and it follows a dorsal to ventral and proximal to distal pattern, with many factors involved in the process.…”

Monozygotic incomplete caudal duplication in a German Holstein calf

“…The inverse orientation of skeletal elements is a result of a mirrored concentration gradient of these growth factors in the zone of polarising activity (Ogura and others 1996). A possible explanation for the reported hypoplastic musculature and ankylosis is the underdeveloped innervation, which leads to a secondary muscle degeneration (Matthews and others 1982). …”

“…Typical features of this malformation are supernumerary hind limbs attached to the pelvic region, the so-called pygomelia (Singh and Tyal 2002), and duplications of pelvic organs or spinal column in various extends (Bajpai and others 2004, Mazzullo and others 2007). To date, many incomplete forms of caudal duplications in humans have been reported (Matthews and others 1982, Bajpai and others 2004, Alfadhel and others 2009). Likewise, in veterinary medicine, case reports of caudal duplications have been published in several domestic and free-living mammals like cattle (Thakur 1988, Hiraga and others 1989, Behrens and others 1993, Kondala Rao and others 1997, Ramadan and others 1998, Murondoti and Busayi 2001, Schönfelder and others 2003, Ibrahim and others 2006, Rahman and others 2006, Mistry and others 2010), buffalo (Thakare and others 1992, Antoine and others 1997), sheep (Dennis 1975, Doijode and others 1992), goats (Corbera and others 2005), pigs (Reiner and others 2008), dogs (Mazzullo and others 2007), cats (Seavers 2009), mice (Rao 1992) and red fox (Geiger and Herzog 1976), as well as in avian species like chicken (Hirschberg and others 2012) and pigeons (Corbera and others 2012).…”