Arthroconidial formation in <b><i>Trichophyton raubitschekii</i></b>

Gupta, Aditya K.; Ahmad, Iftikhar; Porretta, Mary; Summerbell, Richard C.

doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00879.x

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Arthroconidium production in T. mentagrophytes in vitro at 31 uC is also induced by cultivation in an atmosphere with higher CO 2 tension (Bibel et al, 1979). Curiously, Gupta et al (2003) have found that Trichophyton raubitschekii, which some authors consider to be conspecific with T. rubrum, produces arthroconidia under normal aerobic conditions, and that this is not stimulated by 10 % CO 2 . Whether the stimulated arthroconidiogenesis is due to the presence of CO 2 itself or reduced oxygen tension has been the subject of some controversy (Barrera, 1986).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis

Yazdanparast

Barton

2006

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton rubrum often produces arthroconidia in vivo, and these cells are thought to be involved in pathogenesis, and, in shed skin scales, to act as a source of infection. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the environmental and iatrogenic factors which affect arthroconidiation in T. rubrum in vitro, (ii) to look at arthroconidia formation in a large number of clinical isolates of T. rubrum and (iii) to develop a new model for the study of arthroconidia formation in nail tissue. Arthroconidia production was studied in T. rubrum grown on a number of media and under conditions of varying pH, temperature and CO 2 concentration. The effect of the presence of antifungals and steroids on arthroconidia formation was also examined. Nail powder from the healthy toenails of volunteers was used as a substrate for arthroconidial production. On Sabouraud dextrose agar in the presence of 10 % CO 2 plus air, arthroconidial formation occurred optimally at 37 6C and pH 7?5, and was maximal at 10 days. Most isolates of T. rubrum showed a similar level of arthroconidial production, and only two out of 50 strains were unable to produce arthroconidia. Subinhibitory levels of some antifungals and betamethasone resulted in the stimulation of arthroconidia formation. Arthroconidial production in ground nail material also occurred under the same optimal conditions, but took longer to reach maximal levels (14 days). These in vitro and ex vivo results provide a useful basis for the understanding of arthroconidium formation in vivo in infected tissues such as nails.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis

Yazdanparast

Barton

2006

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…In contrast to these recently published onychomycosis models, the model developed for this study focused on two aspects of clinical onychomycosis: fungal invasion into nail keratin and arthroconidia development. These conidia are only produced in vitro under specific growth conditions [ 22 ]. Our 37 °C /6.4% CO 2 model condition met these requirements for all tested dermatophytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Single Photodynamic Treatment of ex Vivo Onychomycosis Using a Multifunctional Porphyrin Photosensitizer and Green Light

Hollander

Visser

Haas

et al. 2015

JoF

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Onychomycosis is predominantly caused by the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton tonsurans. The main treatment obstacle concerns low nail-plate drug permeability. In vitro antifungal photodynamic treatment (PDT) and nail penetration enhancing effectiveness have been proven for multifunctional photosensitizer 5,10,15-tris(4-N-methylpyridinium)-20-(4-(butyramido-methylcysteinyl)-hydroxyphenyl)-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (PORTHE). This study investigates single PORTHE green laser/LED PDT of varying degrees of ex vivo onychomycoses in a human nail model. T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans onychomycoses were ex vivo induced on nail pieces at 28 °C (normal air) and 37 °C (6.4% CO2) during 3 to 35 days and PDTs applied to the 37 °C infections. All dermatophytes showed increasingly nail plate invasion at 37 °C between 7 and 35 days; arthroconidia were observed after 35 days for T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Using 81 J/cm2 (532 nm) 7-day T. mentagrophytes onychomycoses were cured (92%) with 80 µM PORTHE (pH 8) after 24 h propylene glycol (PG, 40%) pre-treatment and 35-day onychomycoses (52%–67%) with 24 h PORTHE (40–80 µM)/40% PG treatment (pH 5). 28 J/cm2 LED light (525 ± 37 nm) improved cure rates to 72%, 83% and 73% for, respectively, T. mentagrophytus, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans 35-day onychomycoses and to 100% after double PDT. Data indicate PDT relevance for onychomycosis.

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“…After isolation, the fungus was grown on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (Gibco, Life Technologies). Then, arthroconidia were produced essentially as previously described by Gupta et al (2003). Briefly, arthroconidia were obtained from 15-day-old cultures on 2 % yeast extract/1 % peptone agar (VWR Scientific Products) in an atmosphere containing 12 % CO 2 , at 30 uC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructed interfollicular feline epidermis as a model for Microsporum canis dermatophytosis

Tabart

Baldo

Vermout

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Microsporum canis is a pathogenic fungus that causes a superficial cutaneous infection called dermatophytosis. The complexity of mechanisms involved in dermatophytic infections makes relevant in vivo studies particularly difficult to perform. The aim of this study was to develop a new in vitro model of M. canis dermatophytosis using feline fetal keratinocytes in reconstructed interfollicular epidermis, and to investigate its relevance in studying the host-pathogen relationship. Histological analysis of reconstructed interfollicular feline epidermis (RFE) revealed a fully differentiated epidermis. A proliferation assay showed replicating cells only in the basal layer, indicating that RFE is a well-stratified living tissue, leading to the formation of a horny layer. Histopathological analysis of RFE infected by M. canis arthroconidia revealed that the fungus invades the stratum corneum and produces SUB3, a keratinase implicated in the infectious process. In view of these results, an M. canis dermatophytosis model on RFE seems to be a useful tool to investigate mechanisms involved in natural M. canis feline infections.

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Arthroconidial formation in Trichophyton raubitschekii

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis

Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis

Effective Single Photodynamic Treatment of ex Vivo Onychomycosis Using a Multifunctional Porphyrin Photosensitizer and Green Light

Reconstructed interfollicular feline epidermis as a model for Microsporum canis dermatophytosis

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