Arthrobacter Luteus Nov. Sp. Isolated From Brewery Sewage

Kaneko, Tatsuhiko; Kitamura, Kunpei; Yamämoto, Yasushi

doi:10.2323/jgam.15.317

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…of various species have been described as gram negative (8,23), gram negative with gram-positive granules (21,29), gram negative to gram variable (5), "predominately" gram positive (29), and gram positive (9,16,17). Cocci have been described as "generally" gram negative (23), gram variable (9), gram variable to gram positive (5), gram positive to gram negative with positive granules (17), "predominately" gram positive (29), and gram positive (8,16,21). On the basis of this literature, it seems that the Gram reaction does not reflect a stable characteristic of this genus, nor does it justify assumption of a set of ultrastructural characteristics for Arthrobacter that is normally associated with either gram-positive or gramnegative bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gram Characteristics and Wall Ultrastructure of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes During Coccus-Rod Morphogenesis

Ward

Claus

1973

J Bacteriol

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Arthrobacter crystallopoietes growing exponentially as cocci were changed to rods by adding succinate to the medium. Cells were sampled before, during, and after this transition for Gram-staining and ultrastructural studies. Cells were Gram stained by the standardized method of Bartholomew, and all samples were fixed and prepared for thin sectioning in an identical manner. Cocci were gram positive, and thin sections demonstrated a gram-positive type of cell wall having an average thickness of 31 nm. Cells sampled during morphogenesis appeared as cocci with most having a single rodlike projection. The coccus portion of these transition cells was gram positive and bound by a gram-positive type of wall having an average thickness of 29 nm. The rodlike projection of the transition cells appeared to be gram negative; it was also surrounded by a gram-positive type of wall, but its average thickness was only 22 nm. Gram-negative rods of the type species, Arthrobacter globiformis, were also examined and found to produce a gram-positive type of wall with a 19-nm average thickness. Evidence for the trilaminar region, characteristic of most gram-negative bacterial cell walls, was totally lacking in both species. These results suggest that variations in cell wall thickness may be an important contributing factor to the variable Gram-staining characteristics of this genus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gram Characteristics and Wall Ultrastructure of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes During Coccus-Rod Morphogenesis

Ward

Claus

1973

J Bacteriol

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“… Zymolyase 100T from Seikagaku Biobusiness Corporation. Enzymatic mixture partially purified from Arthrobacter luteus with β(1,3)glucanase, protease and mannanase activities but not α-glucanase activity [ 29 , 30 ]. Stock solution at 5 mg/mL in 50 mM citrate/phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (standard reaction contains 5 µL, or 25 μg).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zymolyase 100T is an enzymatic mixture partially purified from Arthrobacter luteus . It contains endo-β(1,3)- d -glucanase, protease and mannanase activities, but not α-glucanase activity [ 29 , 30 ]. Thus, the cell wall residue after Zymolyase 100T degradation corresponds to the α-glucan (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and application of a suite of recombinant endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanases for studying fungal cell walls

et al. 2021

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Background The fungal cell wall is an essential and robust external structure that protects the cell from the environment. It is mainly composed of polysaccharides with different functions, some of which are necessary for cell integrity. Thus, the process of fractionation and analysis of cell wall polysaccharides is useful for studying the function and relevance of each polysaccharide, as well as for developing a variety of practical and commercial applications. This method can be used to study the mechanisms that regulate cell morphogenesis and integrity, giving rise to information that could be applied in the design of new antifungal drugs. Nonetheless, for this method to be reliable, the availability of trustworthy commercial recombinant cell wall degrading enzymes with non-contaminating activities is vital. Results Here we examined the efficiency and reproducibility of 12 recombinant endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanases for specifically degrading the cell wall β(1,3)-d-glucan by using a fast and reliable protocol of fractionation and analysis of the fission yeast cell wall. This protocol combines enzymatic and chemical degradation to fractionate the cell wall into the four main polymers: galactomannoproteins, α-glucan, β(1,3)-d-glucan and β(1,6)-d-glucan. We found that the GH16 endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanase PfLam16A from Pyrococcus furiosus was able to completely and reproducibly degrade β(1,3)-d-glucan without causing the release of other polymers. The cell wall degradation caused by PfLam16A was similar to that of Quantazyme, a recombinant endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanase no longer commercially available. Moreover, other recombinant β(1,3)-d-glucanases caused either incomplete or excessive degradation, suggesting deficient access to the substrate or release of other polysaccharides. Conclusions The discovery of a reliable and efficient recombinant endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanase, capable of replacing the previously mentioned enzyme, will be useful for carrying out studies requiring the digestion of the fungal cell wall β(1,3)-d-glucan. This new commercial endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanase will allow the study of the cell wall composition under different conditions, along the cell cycle, in response to environmental changes or in cell wall mutants. Furthermore, this enzyme will also be greatly valuable for other practical and commercial applications such as genome research, chromosomes extraction, cell transformation, protoplast formation, cell fusion, cell disruption, industrial processes and studies of new antifungals that specifically target cell wall synthesis.

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“…It has been reported that some gram-positive bacteria have the ability to lyse yeast cells (10,13) and fungus cells (20). These bacteria satisfy the characteristics of the genus Oerskovia (2, 13), possibly 0. xanthineolytica.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rarobacter faecitabidus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Yeast-Lysing Coryneform Bacterium

Yamamoto

Sato

Saito

et al. 1988

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of four isolates of yeast-lysing bacteria isolated from wastewater treatment systems were examined. The isolates were nonsporeforming, gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, irregular rods that were motile by multitrichous flagella. The isolates had an absolute requirement for hemin or hemoproteins for aerobic growth. Under anaerobic conditions, the isolates did not need heme compounds, but needed carbon dioxide. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition was 65.7 to 66.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The amino acid composition of the cell wall peptidoglycan was D-alanine, L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, L-ornithine, and D-serine (1:1:2:1:1). The major fatty acid of whole cells was 12-methyltetradecanoic acid. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone with nine isoprene units. DNA-DNA hybridizations revealed clear separation of the isolates from known genera of the coryneform group. Therefore, Rarobacter faecitabidus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed for the isolates. The type strain is YLM-1 (JCM 6097).

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Arthrobacter Luteus Nov. Sp. Isolated From Brewery Sewage

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Gram Characteristics and Wall Ultrastructure of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes During Coccus-Rod Morphogenesis

Gram Characteristics and Wall Ultrastructure of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes During Coccus-Rod Morphogenesis

Analysis and application of a suite of recombinant endo-β(1,3)-d-glucanases for studying fungal cell walls

Rarobacter faecitabidus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Yeast-Lysing Coryneform Bacterium

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