Arterial and venous blood flow: noninvasive quantitation with MR imaging.

Pelc, Lorie R.; Pelc, Norbert J.; Rayhill, Stephen C.; Castro, L Javier; Glover, Gary H.; Herfkens, Robert J.; Miller, D. Craig; Jeffrey, R. Brooke

doi:10.1148/radiology.185.3.1438767

Cited by 162 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…In contrast to the mechanical energy balance approach, the calculation of the VD does not require any pressure data; only the three spatial components of the fluid velocity vector are necessary. Magnetic resonance (MR) phase velocity mapping (PVM) [22] is currently the only established clinical technique to measure all three spatial components of the velocity vector in every volume element of an imaging slice, showing high in vitro and in vivo accuracy and precision [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The advantage of MR PVM to measure the three-directional blood velocity has enabled the generation of velocity vector maps in vitro and in vivo, showing (qualitatively) the fluid mechanical superiority of the TCPC over other connections and the importance of the presence of caval offset and flaring at the connection site [14,15,[33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive quantification of fluid mechanical energy losses in the total cavopulmonary connection with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping

Venkatachari

Halliburton

Setser

et al. 2007

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive quantification of fluid mechanical energy losses in the total cavopulmonary connection with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping

Venkatachari

Halliburton

Setser

et al. 2007

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…Phase contrast (PC) MRI to quantify blood flow velocities has been validated in several studies (1)(2)(3). Most human applications focus on large vessels such as the aorta, carotids, or femoral arteries.…”

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confidence: 99%

High‐resolution blood flow velocity measurements in the human finger

Klarhöfer

Csapó

Bálassy

et al. 2001

Magnetic Resonance in Med

144

109

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MR phase contrast blood flow velocity measurements in the human index finger were performed with triggered, nontriggered, and cine acquisition schemes. A strong (G max ‫؍‬ 200 mT/m), small bore (inner diameter 12 cm) gradient system inserted in a whole body 3 Tesla MR scanner allowed highresolution imaging at short echo times, which decreases partial volume effects and flow artifacts. Arterial blood flow velocities ranging from 4.9 -19 cm/sec were measured, while venous blood flow was significantly slower at 1.5-7.1 cm/sec. Taking into account the corresponding vessel diameters ranging from 800 m to 1.8 mm, blood flow rates of 3.0 -26 ml/min in arteries and 1. Phase contrast (PC) MRI to quantify blood flow velocities has been validated in several studies (1-3). Most human applications focus on large vessels such as the aorta, carotids, or femoral arteries. This is due to the fact that systematic errors strongly increase with decreasing number of image pixels that cover the vessel lumen under investigation (4,5). Models that correct for partial volume effects have been developed which allow the acquisition of flow velocity values from vessels covered by only a few pixels (6 -8). In this study, a different approach was performed to overcome problems associated with partial volume effects. We used a strong gradient system that allows high-resolution phase contrast MRI of the human finger. In our experiments, the main vessels of the human index finger were covered by at least 16 pixels, which is sufficient to keep systematic errors due to partial volume effects small (4). So far, in vivo MRI investigations of the human distal extremities have been limited to morphologic imaging of skin layers, joints, and vessel anatomy (9 -12), not including functional parameters. Commonly, blood flow velocities in the human distal extremities are obtained by ultrasound (US) investigations (13,14). US flow measurements have the advantage of being fast and flexible; on the other hand, they do not provide detailed anatomic information. The information about the patency of large vessels is a cardinal aspect in the assessment of general arteriosclerosis in tissues (15). However, little is known about the role of smaller arteries. Although their general functionality can be tested by a number of simple physical tests (e.g., exercise), these tests still provide us with no visual information on vessel size or orientation. For planning distal reconstructive surgery in cases of severe arteriosclerosis, a vital role could be played by the combination of functional information (e.g., blood flow velocity) and complementary 3D images of individual vessels. Such information could also be helpful in staging general and/or microangiopathy of distal body parts. To our knowledge, we performed the first MR blood flow velocity measurements in human peripheral vessels with diameters as low as 800 m without the need to correct for partial volume effects. MATERIALS AND METHODSBlood flow velocities were measured in the index fingers of five healthy male s...

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“…There are several limitations to our study, one of which is that the blood volume flow rate was not confirmed by methods other than phase-contrast MRI. However, the accuracy of cine phase-contrast MRI for blood volume measurement was proven in animal studies (11,12) and we believe that the blood volume flow rates measured by cine phase-contrast MRI can be used as the gold standard.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of flip angle on volume flow measurement with nontriggered phase‐contrast MR: In vivo evaluation in carotid and basilar arteries

Tanaka

Fujita

Takahashi

et al. 2009

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose:To evaluate the effect of flip angle on volume flow rate measurements obtained with nontriggered phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vivo. Materials and Methods:We prospectively measured volume flow rates of the bilateral internal carotid artery and the basilar artery with cine and nontriggered phase-contrast MRI. For nontriggered phase-contrast imaging, flip angles of 4, 15, 60, and 90°were used for 40 volunteers and of 8, 15, and 30°for 54 volunteers. Lumen boundaries were semiautomatically determined by pulsatility-based segmentation using cine phase-contrast MRI. Identical lumen boundaries were used for nontriggered phase-contrast imaging. Results:The ratio of volume flow rate obtained with nontriggered phase-contrast imaging to that obtained with cine phase-contrast imaging significantly increases with an increase in the flip angle. The mean ratios lie within a relatively narrow range of Ϯ15% with a wide range of flip angles of 8 -90°. As the flip angle increases, ghost artifacts become prominent and signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios increase. Conclusion:Flip angles between 8 and 60°are most appropriate for nontriggered phase-contrast MR measurements in the internal carotid and the basilar artery.

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Arterial and venous blood flow: noninvasive quantitation with MR imaging.

Cited by 162 publications

References 0 publications

Noninvasive quantification of fluid mechanical energy losses in the total cavopulmonary connection with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping

Noninvasive quantification of fluid mechanical energy losses in the total cavopulmonary connection with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping

High‐resolution blood flow velocity measurements in the human finger

Effect of flip angle on volume flow measurement with nontriggered phase‐contrast MR: In vivo evaluation in carotid and basilar arteries

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