Artemia Morphology and Structure

Criel, Godelieve; MacRae, Thomas H.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0791-6_1

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Higher LHD activity has been observed in aquatic organisms exposed to other contaminants, e.g., tannery wastewater [69] and heavy metals [70]. As the LDH enzyme plays a crucial role in anaerobic metabolism, homeostasis, and gluconeogenesis in many vital tissues [71], changes in LDH activity because of the ECs (especially hydrochlorothiazide, which suppressed LDH activity) may alter A. salina homeostasis, contributing to mortality. The correlation between minimal or null LDH activities and death rate of A. salina has been documented in other study where it was exposed to food dyes during 48 h [72].…”

Section: Lactate Dehydrogenasementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Discharge in the City of Prague (Czech Republic)

Diaz-Sosa

Tapia‐Salazar

Wanner

et al. 2020

Water

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Emerging contaminants (ECs) are not monitored nor regulated consistently, but may have negative effects on human health and ecosystem balance. Although pharmaceuticals and personal care products are among the main ECs found in surface and wastewater, their toxicity and fate are currently not sufficiently studied. In this study, we analyzed for the first time a group of 46 ECs in the secondary effluent of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Prague. Thirty-seven compounds were identified in the discharge to surface water. Three compounds had no toxicology information on Artemia salina: furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and tramadol. We performed acute toxicity (LC50) tests and enzyme assays after 24 and 48 h at room temperature and 28 °C for these three compounds. LC50 ranged from 225.01 mg/L for furosemide, the most toxic, up to above 14,000 mg/L for tramadol. Changes in enzymatic activity for GST, GPx, AChE, and LDH when A. salina were exposed to LC25 for each contaminant were conspicuous and significant in a contaminant-, exposure time-, and temperature-dependent manner. These biochemical markers complement the toxicity profile of these contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and highlight the need for further research on other ECs and their implications, and the regulations required to protect human and ecological health.

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Section: Lactate Dehydrogenasementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Discharge in the City of Prague (Czech Republic)

Diaz-Sosa

Tapia‐Salazar

Wanner

et al. 2020

Water

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“…The shell of Artemia cysts originates from three pairs of shell glands formed by linked pairs of oblong cells that interact with the uterus via a cellular duct composed of a neck cell and usually three duct cells (Anderson et al 1970;Criel 1980;Criel and MacRae 2002). Variation in the terminology identifying the layers of the cyst shell may reflect true ultrastructural distinctions or different preparative techniques, and the shell is modified during post-diapause development further complicating the interpretation of structural data (Rosowski et al 1997;Sugumar and Munuswamy 2006;Dai et al 2011a).…”

Section: Structure and Function Of The Artemia Cyst Shellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia

MacRae

2016

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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Oviparously developing embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia, arrest at gastrulation and are released from females as cysts before entering diapause, a state of dormancy and stress tolerance. Diapause is terminated by an external signal, and growth resumes if conditions are permissible. However, if circumstances are unfavorable, cysts enter quiescence, a dormant stage that continues as long as adverse conditions persist. Artemia embryos in diapause and quiescence are remarkably resistant to environmental and physiological stressors, withstanding desiccation, cold, heat, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and years of anoxia at ambient temperature when fully hydrated. Cysts have adapted to stress in several ways; they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall impermeable to most chemical compounds and which functions as a shield against ultraviolet radiation. Artemia cysts contain large amounts of trehalose, a non-reducing sugar thought to preserve membranes and proteins during desiccation by replacing water molecules and/or contributing to vitrification. Late embryogenesis abundant proteins similar to those in seeds and other anhydrobiotic organisms are found in cysts, and they safeguard cell organelles and proteins during desiccation. Artemia cysts contain abundant amounts of p26, a small heat shock protein, and artemin, a ferritin homologue, both ATPindependent molecular chaperones important in stress tolerance. The evidence provided in this review supports the conclusion that it is the interplay of these protective elements that make Artemia one of the most stress tolerant of all metazoan organisms.

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“…Several excellent book chapters are also dedicated to the topic of development in Artemia spp. (Schrehardt, ; Freeman, ; Criel, ; Criel and Macrae, ), but, once again, these works provide a description of “normal” embryonic development with few micrographs. They are difficult to apply in studies where aberrations of development occur, or where fine time‐scale observations of live specimens are important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel model of early development in the brine shrimp,Artemia franciscana, and its use in assessing the effects of environmental variables on development, emergence, and hatching

Neumeyer

Ruggiero

Covi

2014

Journal of Morphology

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The brine shrimp, Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), is a zooplankton that is commonly used in both basic and applied research. Unfortunately, Artemia embryos are often cultured under conditions that alter early development, and reports based on these cultures oversimplify or fail to describe morphological phenotypes. This is due in part to the lack of a comprehensive developmental model that is applicable to observations of live specimens. The objective of this study was to build and test a descriptive model of post-diapause development in Artemia franciscana using observations made with a standard dissecting microscope. The working model presented is the first to comprehensively place all known "abnormal" embryonic and naupliar phenotypes within the context of a classic hatching profile. Contrary to previous reports, embryos and nauplii with aberrant phenotypes often recover and develop normally. Oval prenauplii may emerge as normal prenauplii (E2 stage). A delay of this transition leads to incomplete hatching or direct hatching of first instar larvae with a curved thoracoabdomen. When hatching is incomplete, retained cuticular remnants are shed during the next molt, and a "normal" second instar larva is produced. By differentiating between molting events and gross embryonic patterning in live embryos, this new model facilitates fine time-scale analyses of chemical and environmental impacts on early development. A small increase in salinity within what is commonly believed to be a permissive range (20‰-35‰) produced aberrant morphology by delaying emergence without slowing development. A similar effect was observed by decreasing culture density within a range commonly applied in toxicological studies. These findings clearly demonstrate that morphological data from end-point studies are highly dependent on the time points chosen. An alternate assessment method is proposed, and the potential impact of heavy metals, hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, and cis-nonachlor detected in commercial embryos is discussed.

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Artemia Morphology and Structure

Cited by 12 publications

References 46 publications

Monitoring and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Discharge in the City of Prague (Czech Republic)

Monitoring and Ecotoxicity Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Discharge in the City of Prague (Czech Republic)

Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia

A novel model of early development in the brine shrimp,Artemia franciscana, and its use in assessing the effects of environmental variables on development, emergence, and hatching

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