Arsenic trioxide-increased MDCK cells proliferation requires activator protein 1-mediated increase of the sodium/proton exchanger 1 activity

Glycaemia dynamics in gestational diabetes mellitus

“…Patients with GDM show hyperglycaemia which subsequently leads to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. It is conceived that maternal hyperglycaemia results in fetal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia [3,4,9,10], and a state of insulin resistance [3,4,7,[11][12][13]. It is also reported that GDM associates with alterations in the fetoplacental vasculature supporting the notion that D-glucose intolerance already starts earlier in pregnancy These alterations are associated with endothelial dysfunction ( [3,4,6,7,14].…”

“…The mother and fetus' metabolism depend on the ability of cells to sense the extracellular level of D-glucose, modulating the expression and activity of membrane transporters and enzymes involved in the metabolism of this hexose. Unfortunately, a considerable number of pregnant women show Dglucose intolerance -a metabolic condition resulting in hyperglycaemia-and a deficient regulation of all body cells metabolism by insulin [3,4,7].…”

“…It is conceived that maternal hyperglycaemia results in fetal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia [3,4,9,10], and a state of insulin resistance [3,4,7,[11][12][13]. It is also reported that GDM associates with alterations in the fetoplacental vasculature supporting the notion that D-glucose intolerance already starts earlier in pregnancy These alterations are associated with endothelial dysfunction ( [3,4,6,7,14]. However, since achieving normal glycaemia in the mother following GDM diagnosis does not result in restoring the GDMassociated fetoplacental vascular dysfunction, other factors than plasma or the interstitial D-glucose concentration may be involved [6,7,14].…”

“…Patients diagnosed with GDM are, in general, included in a group of women irrespective of their nutritional status and metabolic conditions [7]. Yet, obesity is a pandemic also affecting women of childbearing age [15][16][17][18][19], driving a higher prevalence of pre-pregnancy maternal obesity.…”

“…Yet, obesity is a pandemic also affecting women of childbearing age [15][16][17][18][19], driving a higher prevalence of pre-pregnancy maternal obesity. Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity is a risk factor for developing GDM [1][2][3][4]7,9,10]. Therefore, women with GDM should be considered individuals with a pre-pregnancy status that could determine the impact of this disease of pregnancy in the mother and fetus differently.…”