This study presents the recent developments on the use of inorganic nanoparticles for environmental remediation in soil, water and gas polluted streams. The number of publications on these topics has grown exponentially in recent years, especially those focused on the wastewater treatment. Among them, the removal of heavy metals has become the most popular, although some works are related to the use of nanomaterials for the elimination of nutrients such as nitrogen and some persistent organic pollutants.However, this growth has not been accompanied by the knowledge about the behavior of nanoparticles once used and released to the environment. The current situation of nanoparticles toxicology (nanotoxicology) is also commented in this study. It is remarkable the high number of different toxicology tests that have been applied to nanoparticles, which often makes the results very difficult to interpret or generalize.Bioluminescence test, Daphnia magna and other published tests are analyzed in detail, jointly with some preliminary results obtained in our works.