“…The rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers reduces the efficiency of photocatalytic processes, hence it is advantageous to modify it by, among others, the addition of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (Penke et al 2020). Doping of ZnO with metal nanoparticles, e.g., Ag, Pt, Ni, Au or other semiconductors (ZrO 2 , SnO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO) inhibits electron-hole pairs recombination processes, extending the photocatalytic activity of ZnO (Pascariu et al 2016).…”