Arsenic determination in tobacco by atomic absorption spectrometry

Griffin, H. R.; Hocking, Martin B.; Lowery, D. G.

doi:10.1021/ac60352a044

Cited by 32 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(45 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The diminution of levels of NDELA in tobacco should parallel the chronicled decrease in levels of arsenic and DDT in tobacco after these materials were no longer used in tobacco agronomy, e.g., between 1968 and 1974, the residual DDT level in USA flue-cured tobacco decreased from 52 g/g in 1968 to 6 g/g in 1970 to 0.23 g/g in 1974 (3,24). Griffin et al (173) reported similar decreases for arsenic residues in tobacco (3,24). In 1984, Hoffmann et al (174) predicted that NDELA residues on tobacco (and in tobacco smoke) would gradually decrease because of the 1981 ban on the use of the diethanolamine salt of maleic acid.…”

Section: N-nitrosaminesmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…the report by Satterlee (193) that an urban area atmosphere (New York) over a 12-year period showed an arsenic level of 100-400 g/10 m 3 , the approximate daily intake of a resident. If the arsenic level in its tobacco were 0.9 g/g as reported by Griffin et al (173), a cigarette would deliver about 0.032 g (32 ng) of arsenic in its MSS. In 1980, IARC (194) considered the evidence "sufficient" to classify arsenic as a human carcinogen.…”

Section: Arsenic 1 Nomentioning

confidence: 87%

“…By 1968, the arsenic content of US tobacco had decreased from the 1951 level of about 50 g/g to 0.5-1.0 g/g (3,24). In 1975, Griffin et al (173) reported tobacco arsenic levels in the range 0.5-0.9 g/g.…”

Section: Arsenic 1 Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Composition of Cigarette Smoke: Problems with Lists of Tumorigens

Rodgman¹

2003

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the mid-1960s, various investigators, agencies, and institutions have disseminated lists of cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS) components reported to be tumorigenic on the basis of laboratory bioassays conducted under conditions significantly different from those encountered by the smoker during exposure to the components in the cigarette MSS aerosol. Since 1990, numerous lists of cigarette MSS components, defined as significant tumorigens, have been compiled by American Health Foundation personnel, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Fowles and Bates, and R.J. Reynolds R&D personnel. The purpose of most of the reports was to define human risk assessment and to dissuade smokers from smoking. Various investigators and agencies have frequently cited the earlier and/or the more recent lists of tumorigenic entities. The recent compilations, involving nearly 80 MSS components, suffer from serious deficiencies including: a) Use of per cigarette delivery ranges for specified components which often include analytical data from cigarettes manufactured in the 1950s and 1960s which are not comparable to lower-'tar’ yield cigarettes manufactured since the mid-1970s. b) Absence of standard analytical procedures for most of the listed components. c) Methodological considerations regarding bioassays used to determine tumorigenicity of the listed MSS components. d) Difficulty in extrapolating in vivo bioassay data obtained by non-inhalation modes of administration of a single compound to the human smoking situation involving inhalation of a complex aerosol containing that compound. e) Inhalation data inadequacies regarding the tumorigenicity of many of the components. f) Several tobacco smoke components are listed despite the fact their presence has not been confirmed, their MSS level has not been defined, or their MSS level is no longer relevant. g) Insufficient consideration of inhibitors of tumorigenesis and mutagenesis found in MSS. h) Difficulty in extrapolation of inhibition/anticarcinogenesis/antimutagenesis observed in a one-on-one in vivo situation to the complex MSS aerosol situation. j) Alternate exposures to many of the listed smoke components. k) Discrepancies among the lists. l) Discrepancies within the lists.A more appropriate use of the listing process is the identification of potential chemical targets for removal from, or inhibition in cigarette MSS.

show abstract

Section: N-nitrosaminesmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Arsenic 1 Nomentioning

confidence: 87%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Composition of Cigarette Smoke: Problems with Lists of Tumorigens

Rodgman¹

2003

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Limits of detection reported are quite variable. Flame methods appear to have a limit of detection near 40 ng per sample or 5 ppb on a concentration basis (1,(5)(6)(7)(8). Flameless methods are substantially more sensitive (8); limits of detection down to 1 ng are reported with a graphite resistance furnace (9).…”

Section: Arsine Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Arsine Evolution Methods to Environmental Analyses

Braman¹

1977

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Because of its biological activity, arsenic is involved in an active global geochemical cycle. Arsenic has been found to be transferred to the atmosphere, at least in part, by evolution of trimethyl arsine and similar methyl arsenic compounds. Because of the environmental importance of the several arsenic forms [inorganic arsenic (III) and (V), methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsenic acid, trimethylarsine, methylarsine, and dimethylarsine], chemical methods for their analysis are needed. Sensitive methods are required because environmental concentrations encountered are generally in the range of 0.01 (or lower) to 3 ppb for natural waters and 1-6 ng As/im3 for arsenic in air. Arsine evolution by pH selective reduction permits specific analyses for inorganic As (III) and As (V). Methylarsenic acids may be reduced to corresponding methylarsines with sodium borohydride after which separation permits specific detection of these arsenic compounds. The most sensitive and selective methods combine reduction, separation, and emission type detectors. The intensity of arsenic atomic emission lines is observed. This type of detector provides a lower limit of detection down to 0.02 ng As per sample. The methods have been applied to a variety of environmental samples. The Analytical ProblemExcept for specific ore deposits, arsenic is generally a trace element present in soils and rocks usually in the low parts-per-million range. Higher concentrations of arsenic are found in sedimentary rocks because of its tendancy to coprecipitate with metal hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates in natural sedimentation processes. Natural fresh waters contain generally less than 1 ppb arsenic, while the sea water content is on the order of 3 ppb despite its removal by sedimentation. Arsenic is involved in a global cycle which includes volatile arsenic compounds.Because of its biological activity one finds methylarsenic type compounds in the environment; methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, their acid salts, trimethylarsine, and trimethylarsine oxide. The methylarsenic compounds are generally present only in low concentrations compared to inorganic forms. Nevertheless, in certain locations in the environment exhibiting high biological activity, the methylarsenic compounds may be present in

show abstract

“…4 Atomic absorption spectrometry, both with hydride generation (HGAAS) and electrothermal atomization (ETAAS), is widely used for the determination of arsenic at trace levels in plant samples. The use of either ETAAS 5,6 or HGAAS [7][8][9][10][11] for the determination of arsenic in these samples requires dissolution and decomposition of samples. There are, usually, timeconsuming procedures and a risk of contamination and/or loss of the element is associated with this mode of sample preparation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Slurry Sampling for Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic in Cigarette Tobaccos

Mierzwa

Adeloju²,

Dhindsa³

1997

Analyst

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development of a slurry sampling hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric (HGAAS) method for the determination of arsenic in cigarette tobacco samples is described. The method is relatively simple and has been shown to give values of total arsenic close to those obtained using methods requiring total dissolution and decomposition of all vegetable matter before analysis. Pre-treatment of samples slurried in nitric acid by ultrasonication permitted the extraction of about 90% of the total arsenic from tobacco samples. Further improvement in the recovery efficiency (up to 93-94%) was accomplished by the use of an additional step of short microwave-accelerated treatment. L-Cysteine was used as a pre-reduction agent. The accuracy and precision of the slurry sampling HGAAS method were studied using the certified reference material (CRM) CTA-OTL-1 Oriental Tobacco Leaves. Under the optimum conditions, as little as 2.6 ng of arsenic can be detected. The relative standard deviation of the overall procedure was calculated to be below 7.6% at arsenic concentration levels of 0.5-0.9 mg kg-1 and the analytical results obtained for the CRM agreed with the certified value. The main factors that influenced the reliability of the method were sample homogeneity, particle size and slurry concentration.

show abstract

Arsenic determination in tobacco by atomic absorption spectrometry

Cited by 32 publications

References 31 publications

The Composition of Cigarette Smoke: Problems with Lists of Tumorigens

The Composition of Cigarette Smoke: Problems with Lists of Tumorigens

Applications of Arsine Evolution Methods to Environmental Analyses

Slurry Sampling for Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Arsenic in Cigarette Tobaccos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About