Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury content and health risk assessment of consuming freshwater fish with elements of chemometric analysis

Mielcarek, Konrad; Nowakowski, Patryk; Puścion-Jakubik, Anna; Gromkowska-Kępka, Krystyna Joanna; Soroczyńska, Jolanta; Markiewicz‐Żukowska, Renata; Naliwajko, Sylwia K.; Grabia, Monika; Bielecka, Joanna; Żmudzińska, Anita; Moskwa, Justyna; Karpińska, Elżbieta; Socha, Katarzyna

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132167

Cited by 49 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The lowest and highest EDI values were determined in smoked rainbow trout and bluefin tuna for As with 0.02 µg/day and 0.53 µg/day. The permissible values were set as 0.3 µg/kg/day for As [ 70 ]. Only one smoked fish sample (smoked bluefin tuna) has a daily intake value exceeding the tolerable daily intake.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Elemental Profile of Smoked Fish

Tümerkan

2022

Molecules

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Fish are vulnerable to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals. As one of the most commonly applied processing methods, the smoking of different species has been applied globally. Hence, this study aims to investigate the smoking process on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and elemental accumulation of the five different species (rainbow trout, Atlantic bonito, horse mackerel, sea bass, and Atlantic bluefin tuna) which are commonly processed and traded in the smoked fish industry. The processing yield, water holding capacity, and pH were also investigated. The results revealed that the proximal differences among fish species influence the water holding capacity, processing yield, and pH which are very important for process sustainability and the quality of the end product. The main finding was the proximal composition impact on the accumulation of both PAHs and heavy metals at different levels. While all of the tested samples were below the maximum permissible limit, some of the heavy metals, especially toxic elements, were found above the acceptable limit. Horse mackerel is determined to be the species most vulnerable to PAHs and heavy metal accumulation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Elemental Profile of Smoked Fish

Tümerkan

2022

Molecules

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“…As fish are among the most important sources of food protein for human beings, it is highly likely that Cd can be enriched in fish and transferred into the human body through the food chain. Cd accumulation causes damage to the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive, and nervous systems in the body [ 13 ]. At the same time, it disrupts the cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and DNA replication and repair at the cellular level and then affects the apoptosis pathway [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Fish

Liu

Chen

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Large amounts of enriched cadmium (Cd) in the environment seriously threatens the healthy and sustainable development of the aquaculture industry and greatly restricts the development of the food processing industry. Studying the distribution and toxic effects of Cd in fish, as well as the possible toxic effects of Cd on the human body, is very significant. A large number of studies have shown that the accumulation and distribution of Cd in fish are biologically specific, cause tissue differences, and seriously damage the integrity of tissue structure and function, the antioxidant defense system, the reproductive regulation system, and the immune system. The physiological, biochemical, enzyme, molecular, and gene expression levels change with different concentrations and times of Cd exposure, and these changes are closely related to the target sites of Cd action and tissues in fish. Therefore, the toxic effects of Cd on fish occur with multiple tissues, systems, and levels.

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“…To assess the safety of the consumption of the studied products, health risk indicators such as target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and cancer risk (CR) were calculated. The following formulas were used: THQ = (FE × DE × LCons × Cx)/(RfD × BW × T) × 10 −3 HI = ∑(THQ As + THQ Cd + THQ Pb + THQ Hg) CR = (FE × DE × EDI × Sf)/T × 10 −3 , where FE is the frequency of exposure (365 days/year); DE is the duration of exposure (in this work, we have taken the average lifetime of 70 years); LCons is the average level of consumption; Cx is the concentration of the studied element in the sample; RfD is the oral reference dose for As 0.3 µg/kg BW/day, for Cd and Pb 1 µg/kg BW/day, and for Hg 0.3 µg/kg BW/day; BW is the average body weight [ 18 ]; T is the overall time of exposure (FE × DE); EDI is the estimated daily intake calculated by multiplying the average daily consumption (g/day) of the selected product and the measured concentration of the element (µg/1000 g); and Sf is the slope factor established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for As—1.5 mg/kg/day, for Cd—6.3 mg/kg/day, and for Pb—0.0085 mg/kg/day. The reference for the THQ is <1; if the value is higher than 1, it may suggest a potential risk of the toxic elements due to consumption of the studied products, while for the sum of THQ (∑THQ), the limit is 4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish Residents

et al. 2022

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Background: Nutritional food quality plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. However, food and drinking water, along with occupational exposure, are the main routes of exposure to toxic elements for humans. The main aim of this study was to determine the content of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in naturally gluten-free grains and products made from buckwheat, millet, maize, quinoa and oat. The safety of consumption of the products tested was also assessed. Methods: The contents of As, Cd and Pb were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To measure Hg, an atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS) with the amalgamation technique was applied. To assess the level of consumption of the tested products, an online survey was conducted. To estimate health risk, three indicators were used: the target hazard quotient (THQ), cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI). The research material obtained 242 different samples without replications. Results: The highest average content of As, Cd, Pb and Hg were observed for the following groups of products: oat (10.19 µg/kg), buckwheat (48.35 µg/kg), millet (74.52 µg/kg) and buckwheat (1.37 µg/kg), respectively. For six samples, exceedance of established limits was found—three in the case of Cd and three of Pb. Due to the lack of established limits, As and Hg content of the tested products was not compared. Generally, no increased health risks were identified. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, the consumption of gluten-free cereals and pseudocereals available on the Polish market seems to be safe. However, there is a great need to establish maximum levels of the toxic elements, especially As and Hg in cereal products in European legislation.

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Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury content and health risk assessment of consuming freshwater fish with elements of chemometric analysis

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

Investigations of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Elemental Profile of Smoked Fish

Investigations of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Elemental Profile of Smoked Fish

Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Fish

Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish Residents

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