Arrival-time distribution of muons in extensive air showers at energies of 10¹⁷eV to 10¹⁸eV

Potential for measuring the longitudinal and lateral profile of muons in TeV air showers with IACTs

“…Despite recent efforts in improving collider and air shower simulation models, there consistently remains an overabundance of muons in experimental data in comparison to simulations at ∼ 10 19 eV [3,5]. By contrast, recent results from IceTop at around 10 14 − 10 16 eV show no such excess and even a deficit in the number of muons with respect to the latest post-LHC tuned models [25].…”

“…This may be due to the muon being produced at a large core (or angular) distance from the shower axis, such that the shower is not detected by the telescope. Alternatively, the muon may have triggered the Camera at a slightly different time, such as in advance of the rest of the shower, that the charge integrated over the 16 ns integration window is not sufficient to also contain the shower [16,17].…”

Features of muon arrival time distributions of high energy EAS at large distances from the shower axis

“…Since the first experimental studies in 1953 by Bassi et al [1] and Jelley and Whitehouse [2] arrival time distributions of the charge particle components of extensive air showers (EAS) have been often theoretically and experimentally investigated under various aspects [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Systematic studies are performed particularly at large EAS detector installations: in Haverah Park [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], at the Potchefstroom University [17], in Akeno and on Mt Chacaltaya [18][19][20], at MSU [21], more recently with the GREX/ COVER-PLASTEX [22][23][24][25][26] and KASCADE [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] experiments. Measurements of arrival time distributions of high energy hadrons near the shower core have been reported by the Maryland University group [35] and by KASCADE [36].…”

“…The phenomenological features of the time structure of high energy EAS at larger distances from the shower axis have been experimentally studied with the Haverah Park [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and the Akeno air shower arrays [18][19][20], and the results have been compared with phenomenological model predictions (scaling models and multiplicity prescriptions for the particle production in hadronic collisions). An analysis of the mass discrimination power on the basis of modern models of the hadronic interactions has not yet been performed for these cases.…”

Studies on Time Profiles of EAS Particles Observed with the Telescope Array Surface Detectors

“…At the early stage in the study of EASs, several attempts were made to investigate the longitudinal structure of the shower disc by measuring the arrival time distribution of shower particles (Bassi et al [3], Linsley and Scarsi [4]). Using a high-speed recording system, Blake et al [5] and Kamimoto et al [6] have studied the arrival time distribution of EAS muons to clarify the behavior of EAS development through the atmosphere. Furthermore, several measurements of the disc structure at large core distances have been made to examine the feasibility of Linsley's proposal of a method to detect giant EAS without a largescale detector arrangement (Teshima et al [7], Matsumoto et al [8]).…”