Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: Identification of desmosomal gene variations and desmosomal protein expression in variation carriers

Abstract

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is an inherited disorder that is predominantly present in the right ventricular myocardium. Mutations in the genes encoding the desmosomal protein are thought to underlie the pathogenesis of AC. Since AC is genetically heterogeneous and phenotypically diverse, modifier genes and environmental factors have an important role in disease expression. The aim of the present study was to identify AC-associated desmosomal gene variations, and examine the expression levels of intercalated disc proteins in AC patients who carry the variations (DSG2 p.Leu797Gln, PKP2 p.Ser249Thr and p.E808fsX30). The results of the present investigation provided information on the search for modifier genes and desmosomal gene mutations, and improved our understanding of the mechanism underlying these AC mutations. Genetic screening of five desmosomal genes (DSG2, DSC2, JUP, PKP2, and DSP) in 23 patients with AC who underwent heart transplantation was performed and the expression levels and localizations of intercalated disc proteins were assessed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results enabled the identification of three desmosomal gene variations (DSG2 L797Q, PKP2 S249T, and E808fsX30), two of which are reported for the first time. DSG2 L797Q was identified in one patient. The protein expression levels of DSG2 in the L797Q carrier were unchanged compared with the healthy controls, and the expression levels of the other proteins (JUP and Cx43) in the intercalated disc were also similar between the healthy controls, the variation carrier and the case controls. Two variations (S249T and E808fsX30) in PKP2 were identified in one patient, the protein expression levels of PKP2 in this patient were significantly decreased, and the expression levels of the other proteins in the intercalated disc was also decreased. The data suggest that there may be modifier genes and other AC-associated mutations requiring identification, in order to further our understanding of the disease mechanism induced by these mutations.

Cardiomyopathies in China: A 2018–2019 state‐of‐the‐art review

“… 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 Approximately 10% of the patients with ACM carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. 36 , 92 , 93 In up to 20% of genetically diagnosed ACM patients, compound or digenic heterozygosity may be present, presenting with a more severe phenotype, with higher penetrance, earlier onset of VA, higher SCD risk, more frequent LV involvement, and a higher risk of HF. 94 Additionally, clinical studies have revealed that ACM probands with different genotypes exhibit different phenotypic expression and prognosis.…”

“… 94 Additionally, clinical studies have revealed that ACM probands with different genotypes exhibit different phenotypic expression and prognosis. 92 , 95 Modifier genes and other ACM-associated mutations require identification. In most of these cases, the genes encode proteins of the intercalated disc.…”

“…Multiple studies have demonstrated the disease mechanisms induced by desmosomal gene mutations 87–91 . Approximately 10% of the patients with ACM carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants 36 , 92 , 93 . In up to 20% of genetically diagnosed ACM patients, compound or digenic heterozygosity may be present, presenting with a more severe phenotype, with higher penetrance, earlier onset of VA, higher SCD risk, more frequent LV involvement, and a higher risk of HF 94 .…”

“…In up to 20% of genetically diagnosed ACM patients, compound or digenic heterozygosity may be present, presenting with a more severe phenotype, with higher penetrance, earlier onset of VA, higher SCD risk, more frequent LV involvement, and a higher risk of HF 94 . Additionally, clinical studies have revealed that ACM probands with different genotypes exhibit different phenotypic expression and prognosis 92 , 95 . Modifier genes and other ACM‐associated mutations require identification.…”

Understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms of zebrafish cardiomyocyte integrity and valve interstitial cell differentiation

“…Similar to AJs, desmosomes are protein complexes that play an essential role in heart tissue integrity (Patel and Green, 2014). It has been shown that mutations in the desmosomal proteins are associated with heart diseases, such as arrhythmic cardiomyopathies (Saffitz, 2009;Wang et al, 2018). Genetics, (Rampazzo et al, 2014), Figure 1, with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.…”