Arrestin and phosducin are expressed in a small number of brain cells

Sunayashiki-Kusuzaki, Kosaku; Kikuchi, Takanobu; Wawrousek, Eric F.; Shinohara, Toshimichi

doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00247-7

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Phosducin is a protein highly abundant in the retinal photoreceptor cells and pinealocytes. However, higher levels of phosducin were also found in a small number of brain cells, such as habenular commissura, superior colliculus, ventral tegmental area and amygdala [37]. Together, our current transcriptome results suggest a possible function of CP in olfactory transduction, where OR genes may not function as odorant receptors but have other functions with important implications in the surveillance of the CSF composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Analysis of the Effects of Sex Hormone Background on the Rat Choroid Plexus Transcriptome by cDNA Microarrays

et al. 2013

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The choroid plexus (CP) are highly vascularized branched structures that protrude into the ventricles of the brain, and form a unique interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the blood-CSF barrier, that are the main site of production and secretion of CSF. Sex hormones are widely recognized as neuroprotective agents against several neurodegenerative diseases, and the presence of sex hormones cognate receptors suggest that it may be a target for these hormones. In an effort to provide further insight into the neuroprotective mechanisms triggered by sex hormones we analyzed gene expression differences in the CP of female and male rats subjected to gonadectomy, using microarray technology. In gonadectomized female and male animals, 3045 genes were differentially expressed by 1.5-fold change, compared to sham controls. Analysis of the CP transcriptome showed that the top-five pathways significantly regulated by the sex hormone background are olfactory transduction, taste transduction, metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and circadian rhythm pathways. These results represent the first overview of global expression changes in CP of female and male rats induced by gonadectomy and suggest that sex hormones are implicated in pathways with central roles in CP functions and CSF homeostasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Analysis of the Effects of Sex Hormone Background on the Rat Choroid Plexus Transcriptome by cDNA Microarrays

et al. 2013

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“…Arrβgal mice on the B6 and B10.A backgrounds express β̃galactosidase (βgal) under control of the rod photoreceptor arrestin promoter resulting in βgal expression in retina (150–200 ng), pineal gland (<0.5 ng), and rare, unidentified brain cells (18–20). CD11c-DTR/GFP breeders were a gift from Dr. S. J. McSorley.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Activation of Dendritic Cells Alters the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease in the Retina

Heuss

Lehmann

Norbury

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Interest in the identities, properties, functions and origins of local antigen presenting cells (APC) in CNS tissues is growing. We recently reported that dendritic cells (DC) distinct from microglia were present in quiescent retina, and rapidly responded to injured neurons. In this study, the disease-promoting and regulatory contributions of these APC in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) were examined. Local delivery of purified, exogenous DC or monocytes from bone marrow substantially increased the incidence and severity of EAU induced by adoptive transfer of activated, autoreactive CD4 or CD8 T cells that was limited to the manipulated eye. In vitro assays of antigen presenting cell activity of DC from quiescent retina showed that they promoted generation of Foxp3+ T cells, and inhibited activation of naive T cells by splenic DC and antigen. Conversely, in vitro assays of DC purified from injured retina revealed an enhanced ability to activate T cells, and reduced induction of Foxp3+ T cells. These findings were supported by the observation that in situ activation of DC prior to adoptive transfer of β-galactosidase-specific T cells dramatically increased severity and incidence of EAU. Recruitment of T cells into retina by local delivery of antigen in vivo showed that quiescent retina promoted development of parenchymal Foxp3+ T cells, but assays of pre-injured retina did not. Together, these results demonstrated that local conditions in the retina determined APC function, and affected the pathogenesis of EAU by both CD4 and CD8 T cells.

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“…Visual arrestins that play an important role in the modulation of phototransduction are expressed almost exclusively in the retina and represented by two members: rod arrestin (S-antigen or arrestin 1) and cone arrestin (CAR, Xarrestin, or arrestin 4) (Chen et al 1999b). Intriguingly, rod arrestin was found also in pineal gland and in small populations of neurons in the brain, particularly in habenular commissura, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, and superior colliculus, which suggests that this arrestin may play some role in brain functions as well (Sunayashiki-Kusuzaki et al 1997). However, the two nonvisual arrestins (βarrestins), βarrestin-1 (arrestin 2) and βarrestin-2 (arrestin 3), which are highly expressed all over the body, must account for regulation of the vast majority of GPCRs.…”

Section: Grks and Arrestins In Homologous Desensitizationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Desensitization of G Protein–coupled Receptors and Neuronal Functions

Gainetdinov

Premont

Bohn

et al. 2004

Annu. Rev. Neurosci.

766

692

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I Abstract G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have proven to be the most highly favorable class of drug targets in modern pharmacology. Over 90% of nonsensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in numerous neuronal functions. GPCRs can be desensitized following activation by agonists by becoming phosphorylated by members of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Phosphorylated receptors are then bound by arrestins, which prevent further stimulation of G proteins and downstream signaling pathways. Discussed in this review are recent progress in understanding basics of GPCR desensitization, novel functional roles, patterns of brain expression, and receptor specificity of GRKs and βarrestins in major brain functions. In particular, screening of genetically modified mice lacking individual GRKs or βarrestins for alterations in behavioral and biochemical responses to cocaine and morphine has revealed a functional specificity in dopamine and µ-opioid receptor regulation of locomotion and analgesia. An important and specific role of GRKs and βarrestins in regulating physiological responsiveness to psychostimulants and morphine suggests potential involvement of these molecules in certain brain disorders, such as addiction, Parkinson's disease, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the utility of a pharmacological strategy aimed at targeting this GPCR desensitization machinery to regulate brain functions can be envisaged.

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Arrestin and phosducin are expressed in a small number of brain cells

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Analysis of the Effects of Sex Hormone Background on the Rat Choroid Plexus Transcriptome by cDNA Microarrays

Analysis of the Effects of Sex Hormone Background on the Rat Choroid Plexus Transcriptome by cDNA Microarrays

Local Activation of Dendritic Cells Alters the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease in the Retina

Desensitization of G Protein–coupled Receptors and Neuronal Functions

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