Arousal Effects on Pupil Size, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance in an Emotional Face Task

Wang, Chin‐An; Baird, Talia; Huang, Jeff; Coutinho, Jonathan; Brien, Donald C.; Munoz, Douglas P.

doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01029

Cited by 182 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…2A, raw pupil diameter at 2000-4000 ms of post-auditory stimulus onset, mean ± s.e.m: dark: 3.946 ± 0.161 mm; bright: 3.185 ± 0.120 mm; t(22) = 7.771, p < 0.001, d = 1.620). Moreover, similar to the results using emotional faces e.g., 30 , there was a V-shaped relationship of emotional arousal and valence rating, with higher arousal levels observed with more negative or positive sounds (Fig. 2B, arousal rating: 1 to 9 valence: 7.57 ± 0.26, 6.66 ± 0.13, 6.15 ± 0.12, 5.49 ± 0.13, 4.53 ± 0.14, 5.31 ± 0.12, 5.76 ± 0.14, 5.86 ± 0.24, 6.32 ± 0.39).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation

Cherng

Baird

Tai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Pupil dilation is consistently evoked by affective and cognitive processing, and this dilation can result from sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. The relative contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the pupillary response induced by emotion and cognition may be different. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by global luminance level. Higher luminance levels lead to greater activation of the parasympathetic system while lower luminance levels lead to greater activation of the sympathetic system. To understand the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to pupillary responses associated with emotion and saccade preparation, emotional auditory stimuli were presented following the fixation cue whose color indicated instruction to perform a pro- or anti-saccade while varying the background luminance level. Pupil dilation was evoked by emotional auditory stimuli and modulated by arousal level. More importantly, greater pupil dilation was observed with a dark background, compared to a bright background. In contrast, pupil dilation responses associated with saccade preparation were larger with the bright background than the dark background. Together, these results suggest that arousal-induced pupil dilation was mainly mediated by sympathetic activation, but pupil dilation related to saccade preparation was primarily mediated by parasympathetic inhibition.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation

Cherng

Baird

Tai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Studies in the fields of psychology and neuroscience have mainly used pupil size to index arousal, but metrics such as heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) are also associated with global brain states. For example, Wang et al [97] measured pupil size, HR and GSR while human subjects viewed emotional face stimuli specifically designed to evoke fluctuations in arousal. Results showed that all three metrics were positively correlated prior to the presentation of the stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The eyes reflect an internal cognitive state hidden in the population activity of cortical neurons

Johnston

Snyder

Khanna

et al. 2020

Preprint

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SummaryDecades of research have shown that global brain states such as arousal can be indexed by measuring the properties of the eyes. Neural signals from individual neurons, populations of neurons, and field potentials measured throughout much of the brain have been associated with the size of the pupil, small fixational eye movements, and vigor in saccadic eye movements. However, precisely because the eyes have been associated with modulation of neural activity across the brain, and many different kinds of measurements of the eyes have been made across studies, it has been difficult to clearly isolate how internal states affect the behavior of the eyes, and vice versa. Recent work in our laboratory identified a latent dimension of neural activity in macaque visual cortex on the timescale of minutes to tens of minutes. This ‘slow drift’ was associated with perceptual performance on an orientation-change detection task, as well as neural activity in visual and prefrontal cortex (PFC), suggesting it might reflect a shift in a global brain state. This motivated us to ask if the neural signature of this internal state is correlated with the action of the eyes in different behavioral tasks. We recorded from visual cortex (V4) while monkeys performed a change detection task, and the prefrontal cortex, while they performed a memory-guided saccade task. On both tasks, slow drift was associated with a pattern that is indicative of changes in arousal level over time. When pupil size was large, and the subjects were in a heighted state of arousal, microsaccade rate and reaction time decreased while saccade velocity increased. These results show that the action of the eyes is associated with a dominant mode of neural activity that is pervasive and task-independent, and can be accessed in the population activity of neurons across the cortex.

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“…Despite the known complexities of sensory computations, visual experiments are usually aimed at strictly monitoring the eyes [27], or at applying one-sided perturbations, such as an open-loop stimulus [14]. EyeLoop enables researchers to use the eyes as active elements in their experiments, for example to investigate neuroplasticity by timing learning cues to distinct arousal states based on pupil size [28][29][30][31]. Future experiments could use eye movements to silence or stimulate specific neuronal populations via optogenetics to investigate the causal relationship between neuronal activity and the endogenous parameters by which the neural system operates [32].…”

Section: Diverse Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EyeLoop: An open-source, high-speed eye-tracker designed for dynamic experiments

Arvin

Rasmussen

Yonehara

2020

Preprint

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AbstractEye-tracking is a method for tracking the position of the eye and size of the pupil, often employed in neuroscience laboratories and clinics. Eye-trackers are widely used, from studying brain dynamics to investigating neuropathology and disease models. Despite this broad utility, eye-trackers are expensive, hardware-intensive, and proprietary, which have limited this approach to high-resource facilities. Besides, experiments have largely been confined to static open-loop designs and post hoc analysis due to the inflexibility of current systems. Here, we developed an open-source eye-tracking system, named EyeLoop, tailored to dynamic experiments. This Python-based software easily integrates custom functions via a modular logic, tracks a multitude of eyes, including rodent, human, and non-human primate eyes, and it operates well on inexpensive consumer-grade hardware. One of the most appealing applications of EyeLoop is closed-loop experiments, in which the eyes evoke stimulus feedback, such as rapid neuronal optogenetic stimulation. By using EyeLoop, we demonstrate its utility in an open-loop, a closed-loop, and a biomedical experiment. With a remarkably low minimal hardware cost amounting to 29 USD, EyeLoop makes dynamic eye-tracking accessible to low-resource facilities, such as high schools, small laboratories, and small clinics.

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Arousal Effects on Pupil Size, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance in an Emotional Face Task

Cited by 182 publications

References 93 publications

Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation

Background luminance effects on pupil size associated with emotion and saccade preparation

The eyes reflect an internal cognitive state hidden in the population activity of cortical neurons

EyeLoop: An open-source, high-speed eye-tracker designed for dynamic experiments

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