Arousal and stereotype threat

Ben-Zeev, Talia; Fein, Steven; Inzlicht, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.007

Cited by 233 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Members of negatively stereotyped groups may experience elevated levels of stress when performing on tasks where they risk confirming a stereotype about their group in the eyes of others (Ben-Zeev, Fein, & Inzlicht, 2005;Blascovich, Spencer, Quinn, & Steele, 2001;O'Brien & Crandell, 2003). This stress can in turn undermine performance.…”

Section: Stereotype Threat and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Psychology of Self‐defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory

Sherman¹,

Cohen²

2006

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

1,181

1,423

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Section: Stereotype Threat and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Psychology of Self‐defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory

Sherman¹,

Cohen²

2006

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

1,181

1,423

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“…Indeed, giving targets an external attribution for heightened arousal is one way to deflect stereotype threat effects on performance (Ben-Zeev et al, 2005). This finding suggests that it is because arousal gets interpreted as indicative of anxiety that individuals try to engage in self-regulatory processes in the first place.…”

Section: Thought-suppression Processes Tax Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance.

Schmader

Johns

Forbes

2008

Psychological Review

1,300

1,175

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Research showing that activation of negative stereotypes can impair the performance of stigmatized individuals on a wide variety of tasks has proliferated. However, a complete understanding of the processes underlying these stereotype threat effects on behavior is still lacking. The authors examine stereotype threat in the context of research on stress arousal, vigilance, working memory, and selfregulation to develop a process model of how negative stereotypes impair performance on cognitive and social tasks that require controlled processing, as well as sensorimotor tasks that require automatic processing. The authors argue that stereotype threat disrupts performance via 3 distinct, yet interrelated, mechanisms: (a) a physiological stress response that directly impairs prefrontal processing, (b) a tendency to actively monitor performance, and (c) efforts to suppress negative thoughts and emotions in the service of self-regulation. These mechanisms combine to consume executive resources needed to perform well on cognitive and social tasks. The active monitoring mechanism disrupts performance on sensorimotor tasks directly. Empirical evidence for these assertions is reviewed, and implications for interventions designed to alleviate stereotype threat are discussed.

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“…'' 12,13 The stereotype threat literature has shown that threats based on racial 14 and gender stereotypes can change cognitive test performance. 15 A wide range of other outcomes have also been found to be susceptible to stereotype threats, including psychophysiological measures, 16,17 cerebral activation assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 18 and automatic performance tasks. 19 While some of the effects on cognitive tests are selective rather than global, 14 taken together, these findings suggest good support for the stereotype threat effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Varied Test Instructions on Neuropsychological Performance following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Investigation of “Diagnosis Threat”

Blaine

Sullivan

Edmed

2013

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Diagnosis threat is a psychosocial factor that has been proposed to contribute to poor outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This threat is thought to impair the cognitive test performance of individuals with mTBI because of negative injury stereotypes. University students (N = 45, 62.2% female) with a history of mTBI were randomly allocated to a diagnosis threat (DT; n = 15), reduced threat (DT-reduced; n = 15), or neutral (n = 15) group. The reduced threat condition invoked a positive stereotype (i.e., that people with mTBI can perform well on cognitive tests). All participants were given neutral instructions before they completed baseline tests of objective cognitive function across a number of domains, psychological symptoms, and PCS symptoms, including self-reported cognitive and emotional difficulties. Participants then received either neutral, DT, or DT-reduced instructions before repeating the tests. Results were analyzed using separate mixed model analysis of variances (ANOVAs); one for each dependent measure. The only significant result was for the 2 · 3 ANOVA on an objective test of attention/working memory, Digit Span ( p < 0.05), such that the DTreduced group performed better than the other groups, which were not different from each other. Although not consistent with predictions or earlier DT studies, the absence of group differences on most tests fits with several recent DT findings. The results of this study suggest that it is timely to reconsider the role of DT as a unique contributor to poor mTBI outcome.

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Arousal and stereotype threat

Cited by 233 publications

References 33 publications

The Psychology of Self‐defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory

The Psychology of Self‐defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory

An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance.

The Effect of Varied Test Instructions on Neuropsychological Performance following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Investigation of “Diagnosis Threat”

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