Armillaria species distribution on symptomatic hosts in northern hardwood and mixed oak forests in western Massachusetts

Brazee, Nicholas J.; Wick, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.016

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Some species of Armillaria, like A. mellea, A. gallica, and A. tabescens, were found over the years to be important factors in the decline of oaks throughout Europe and North America (Brazee and Wick 2009;Marçais and Bréda 2006). However, reports of Armillaria infections on cork oak are sporadic (Bragança et al 2004;Marras 1962b), and therefore the actual contribution of these pathogens to cork oak decline and mortality remains unresolved as does the true identity of the species involved.…”

Section: Root Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic and Emerging Pathogens Threatening Cork Oak Trees: Management Options for Conserving a Unique Forest Ecosystem

et al. 2016

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Cork oak (Quercus suber) forests are economically and culturally intertwined with the inhabitants of the Mediterranean basin and characterize its rural landscape. These forests cover over two million hectares in the western Mediterranean basin and sustain a rich biodiversity of endemisms as well as representing an important source of income derived from cork production. Currently cork oak forests are threatened by several factors including human-mediated disturbances such as poor or inappropriate management practices, adverse environmental conditions (irregular water regime with prolonged drought periods), and attacks of pathogens and pests. All these adverse factors can interact, causing a complex disease commonly known as “oak decline.” Despite the numerous investigations carried out so far, decline continues to be the main pathological problem of cork oak forests because of its complex etiology and the resulting difficulties in defining suitable control strategies. An overview of the literature indicates that several pathogenic fungi and oomycota can play a primary role in the etiology of this syndrome. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the recent advances achieved regarding the bio-ecology of the endemic and emerging pathogens that threaten cork oak trees with particular emphasis on the species more directly involved in oak decline. Moreover, the effect of climate change on the host-pathogen interactions, a task fundamental for making useful decisions and managing cork oak forests properly, is considered.

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Section: Root Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic and Emerging Pathogens Threatening Cork Oak Trees: Management Options for Conserving a Unique Forest Ecosystem

et al. 2016

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“…Study sites, isolation and identification of isolates.-Sites and procedures used to sample Armillaria were described by Brazee and Wick (2009 (FIG. 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All 153 isolates were collected from rhizomorphs and therefore diploid (Guillaumin et al 1991). Isolates previously were identified to species with a PCR-RFLP protocol designed by McLaughlin and Hsiang (2010) as described in Brazee and Wick (2009).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Armillaria gallica Marxmuller & Romagnesi is widely distributed across a range of forest types throughout North America, Europe and Asia (Burdsall and Volk 1993, Guillaumin et al 1993, Ota et al 1998), but in northeastern North America this species is most abundant in Quercus-dominated forests (Blodgett andWorrall 1992, Brazee andWick 2009). While sometimes broadly described as a weak pathogen, A. gallica can cause extensive root and butt rot of hardwoods and is one of the primary disturbance agents in temperate, mixed oak forests (Luisi et al 1996, Marçais and Bréda 2006, Brazee and Wick 2009. Perhaps more than any other Armillaria species, descriptions of pathogenicity for A. gallica vary substantially, suggesting a great deal of plasticity in this species' ability to cause disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, northern hardwood forests have greater Armillaria species diversity than other forest types (Blodgett andWorrall 1992, Brazee andWick 2009) and competition among species also can restrict large genet development (Legrand et al 1996). In contrast to northern hardwoods, mixed oak forests primarily occur at lower elevations, have drier soils, warmer average temperatures and have reduced Armillaria species diversity (Westveld et al 1956, Twery et al 1990, Brazee and Wick 2009. Because of the reduced Armillaria species diversity in mixed oak forests and the prevalence of A. gallica, we could expect fewer and larger A. gallica genets on the landscape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotypic diversity ofArmillaria gallicafrom mixed oak forests in Massachusetts

2012

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The population structure of Armillaria gallica, an important pathogen of Quercus spp., was investigated from mixed oak forests in central Massachusetts, encompassing a sampling area over 500 km 2 . From 16 plots at four sites a total of 153 isolates (34-40 isolates per site) was analyzed with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Analyses of 204 polymorphic loci detected 38 AFLP genotypes from a sample area of 4.51 hectares (ha). Genets ranged in distribution from five to 33 genets per hectare (GPH), with a mean of eight GPH and the average A. gallica genet occupying 0.13 ha. Allele frequencies produced an unbiased expected heterozygosity (H E ) value of 0.112 (SE 5 0.006) and a Nei's expected heterozygosity (H J ) value of 0.190 (SE 5 0.009), indicating low genetic diversity within the population. Analysis of molecular variation (W PT 5 0.301; P , 0.001) indicates high genetic differentiation, with 70% of the molecular variation explained at the site-level within A. gallica subpopulations. However, results of the Mantel test, used to assess the isolation-by-distance hypothesis, were inconclusive in determining whether the subpopulations were truly isolated by distance. A neighbor-joining tree constructed from a genetic distance matrix grouped genotypes from the same site (subpopulation) together, but from three of four sites genotypes were randomly clustered at the plot level. The results suggest that basidiospore dispersal is an important means of new genet formation at linear distances up to 2000 m.

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