Armed conflict, health spending, and HIV

Kim, Yiyeon

doi:10.1002/hpm.2499

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This may create a favorable environment for new HIV transmission and facilitate the generalization of the HIV epidemic in Libya. Similar studies on HIV in conflict-affected settings in Africa suggest that regions that have received new imported HIV strains also have appropriate conditions for those strains to flourish (23,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Viral geographic transition flow that might be associated with the military conflict in the East, where the conflict started was traced all over the country and all cases were officially according to the national case report as previously described(5). Chi-square tests of independence for the association of demographic data with HIV subtype were performed in R v3.6.2 (24) using the gplots and corrplots packages (25,26) and linear regression and correlation coincident were calculated in MATLAB® v2020a and regarded a significant with p values < 0.05 (27)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of armed conflict on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of HIV Infection in Libya

Daw

El-Bouzedi

Ahmed

2021

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The interrelationships between HIV/AIDS and armed conflict are a complex phenomenon and studies are rarely devoted to this area of research. Libya is the second-largest country in Africa that has been evoked with war since NATO intervention in 2011. The country has also experienced one of the largest HIV outbreaks associated with the Bulgarian Nurses saga. The effect of the armed conflict on the dynamic spread of HIV is not well known. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of armed conflict on the epidemiological situation of HIV infection in Libya and analyze the transmission dynamics of HIV strains during the conflict. We investigated the movement of HIV-infected people during the Libyan armed conflict and analyzed the HIV subtypes reported from 2011 to 2020 and followed up the infected cases all over the country. The patterns of HIV spread within the Libyan regions were traced and risk factors were determined during the conflict period. A total of 4539 HIV/AIDS patients were studied from the four regions during the Libyan conflict. Our data analysis indicated that Benghazi the biggest city in the Eastern region was the significant exporter of the virus to the rest of the country. Viral dissemination changes were observed within the country particularly after 2015. A major virus- flow from the Eastern region during the armed conflict associated with internally displaced people. This resulted in a dissemination of new HIV strains and accumulations of HIV cases in Western and Meddle regions. Although, there were no significant changes in the national prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Our data highlights the factors that complicated the spread and dissemination of HIV during the armed conflict which provides a better understanding of the interaction between them. This could be used to plan for effective preventive measures in tackling the spread of HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of armed conflict on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of HIV Infection in Libya

Daw

El-Bouzedi

Ahmed

2021

Preprint

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“…This study examines the impact of geographic scope of conflict on both overall HIV prevalence and women's HIV prevalence rates. Although conflict and HIV literature has devoted considerable attention to the mechanisms of conflicts' effect on HIV, [1][2][3][4][5] it has given scant empirical attention to scope of conflict. There are two reasons for this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two reasons for this. First, except for two cross-national quantitative analyses by Iqbal and Zorn (2010) 1 and Kim (2018), 2 most empirical studies in this field have relied on simple descriptive analysis. 3,4 Second, while studies looking at the effects of conflict on democracy or economy have examined diverse characteristics such as the duration, intensity, and outcomes of conflict, [6][7][8][9][10] conflict and health literature, including that which concerns HIV, has not expanded its examination to characteristics that potentially impact individual health beyond the onset of conflict.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 Second, while studies looking at the effects of conflict on democracy or economy have examined diverse characteristics such as the duration, intensity, and outcomes of conflict, [6][7][8][9][10] conflict and health literature, including that which concerns HIV, has not expanded its examination to characteristics that potentially impact individual health beyond the onset of conflict. 1,2,11 Even if conflict fails to cause battle-related fatalities, it may affect society or individuals, especially when the conflict related area widens. While there are many studies that investigate the conditions under which scope of conflict becomes larger, [12][13][14] none investigates whether size of conflict is a significant aspect to consider in understanding the consequences of conflict.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The geographic scope of conflict and HIV

Kim

2021

Health Planning & Management

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Background: HIV affects 74.9 million people. While there is empirical inconsistency in the conflict and HIV literature, no previous studies have questioned the effects of geographic scope of conflict on HIV. This study aims to overcome past limitations by examining on the impact of geographic scope of conflict on HIV prevalence and women's HIV prevalence.Methodology: This study analyzes 31 developing countries from 1990 to 2009 using fixed-effects regression models with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors (DKSE). DKSE adjusts higher-order autocorrelation, serial correlation, and spatial dependency.Results: This study finds that as the scope of a conflict increases, so do both overall HIV and women's HIV prevalence rates. This is the first study that reveals the impact of conflict's scope on society. Conclusion:For leaders who implement HIV policy, this study shows that international organisations and NGOs should consider expanding their efforts in fighting HIV to include areas that experience wide conflict. In addition, this study suggests for conflict literature that scope of conflict is a significant factor that should examined from the perspective of consequences of conflict.

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COVID-19, state capacity, and political violence by non-state actors

Koehnlein¹,

Koren

2022

Journal of Peace Research

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The COVID-19 pandemic has constrained the ability of states across the world to govern and control their territories. As the state reduces its activities, space opens for violent non-state actors working for and against the state to fill the vacuum. Highlighting this trend, the present study evaluates the effects of COVID-19 and pandemics more broadly on attacks by non-state actors. Our theory emphasizes the incentives of both rebels and pro-government non-state actors (PGNs) to increase their attack frequency as disease spreads and the state retracts its governance activities to preserve resources needed elsewhere. In the first case, we highlight how the pandemic allows rebels to reduce asymmetries of power with respect to the military and establish themselves as a viable government alternative. In the second case, PGNs, which provide an alternative to militaries, are deployed to these contested spaces to thwart or pre-empt rebellion during the pandemic. Employing daily-level data on the annual change in armed conflict and COVID-19 cases across 127 countries between 1 January 2020 and 15 June 2020, we test both claims using an econometric identification strategy. We do not find clear evidence that COVID-19 led to a higher frequency of rebel attacks, suggesting that these groups prefer to bolster their standing using nonviolent means, or avoid fighting and preserve their resources. In contrast, we find that the frequency of PGN attacks has increased with COVID-19 prevalence compared with last year. Case studies of insurgent and PGN activity in Afghanistan and Nigeria lend additional support to these results, illustrating some underlying mechanisms. Our findings explore overlooked challenges that pandemics and other disasters pose to conflict mitigation and the role PGNs play in these contexts.

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Armed conflict, health spending, and HIV

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

The impact of armed conflict on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of HIV Infection in Libya

The impact of armed conflict on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of HIV Infection in Libya

The geographic scope of conflict and HIV

COVID-19, state capacity, and political violence by non-state actors

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