“…Gas circulation is difficult to maintain, size is considerable, and running cost is hrgh. 1 Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (Nd: YAG), emitting a beam of near infrared energy with wavelength of 1.06m, are solid-state, meaning that, unlike large CO2 lasers, no gas circulation is required. An arc lamp as easily changed as a light bulb replaces the gas.…”