ARIES ST Radar: The First Central Himalayan Wind Profiler

Abstract

Recently, a 206.5[Formula: see text]MHz Stratosphere Troposphere (ST) Radar system was successfully installed and made operationalized at Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) (29.4N, 79.2E, 1793[Formula: see text]m amsl), Nainital, India. It is the first such unique observational facility located in the central Himalayan region and will play an important role in understanding the meteorological conditions of the region that has a vital role in atmospheric studies in South Asia. The entire ST radar system is indigenously built and installed in a compact 30[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m two-storey building, making maximum use of the available space in the hilly terrain. A metal fence of 3.5–4[Formula: see text]m height was designed and installed along the perimeter of the array to attenuate the clutter returns from the nearby mountains with the shielding efficiency 22–25[Formula: see text]dB. Since its operation, the radar has obtained useful data of neutral atmosphere, precipitation, convection, and hailstorm events for scientific research. The technical details of different sub-systems, radar integration and calibration methodology are presented here. A dedicated off-line GUI based data processing tool has been developed and is being used for the data analysis. A comparison of wind components derived from ARIES ST Radar with collocated GPS-radiosonde observations indicates a good agreement with correlation coefficients for zonal (0.92), meridional (0.76), wind speed (0.86), and wind direction (0.7). The change in wind patterns is demonstrated up to a height of about 31[Formula: see text]km amsl and the tropopause was marked to be at 16–17[Formula: see text]km on 2020 June 20. A dramatic reversal of winds from westerly (below the tropopause) to easterly (above the tropopause) was also observed. ARIES ST Radar could capture the signature of the precipitation in addition to neutral air in the same Doppler spectrum and the height of the starting point of precipitation is identified to be [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]km. This ability to detect atmospheric scattering from both neutral wind (Bragg) and precipitation (Rayleigh) in the same spectrum makes the 200[Formula: see text]MHz band radar a unique instrument in the wind profiler application for atmospheric research.