“…In this study, we found that many receptors are expressed in endocrine/non-endocrine cell clusters (Figure 6). All these findings not only support previous pioneering findings regarding the hormonal regulation of avian pituitary gonadotrophs (e.g., GnRH and gonadal steroids) (Hall et al, 1986;Sharp et al, 1987;Millar, 2005), lactotrophs (VIP, dopamine, CORT, and NPW) (Macnamee et al, 1986;el Halawani et al, 1990;Al Kahtane et al, 2003;Fu and Porter, 2004;Bu et al, 2016;Scanes, 2016;Lv et al, 2018), thyrotroph (CRH, T3, GCGL and SST) (De Groef et al, 2003;De Groef et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2014), and corticotroph functions (AVT, CRH, and CORT) (Mikhailova et al, 2007;Selvam et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2019), but also hints that many novel signals from the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues (e.g., NPW, serotonin, SST, insulin, PP, and PRLH) could regulate pituitary cell functions, in which nearly all functional axes (e.g., HPG, HPT, and HPA) are inter-connected. Meanwhile, our findings also strongly suggest that peripheral signals from the adipose tissue (adiponectin), gastrointestinal tract (serotonin), and pancreas (GCG, INS, SST, and PP) are likely involved in the regulation of avian pituitary functions.…”