Arginine 16 Glycine Polymorphism inβ2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Is Associated with Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Hyperleptinemia, and Insulin Resistance in Saudis

Abstract

Background. Several studies have shown an association between codon 16 polymorphism of the β2AR gene and obesity. Methods. We studied the association between Arg16Gly polymorphism and obesity and its influence on anthropometric parameters, lipids, insulin resistance and leptin in Saudi individuals. The study group included 329 individuals (males: 109 and females: 220). Metabolic parameters, including glucose, lipids, insulin, and leptin were analyzed and anthropometric parameters including waist and hip circumference, waist/hip (W/H) ratio, and body mass index (BMI) were measured and HOMA-IR was calculated. Genotyping was conducted by DNA sequencing of 353 bp fragments, carrying the Arg16Gly polymorphic site. Results and Conclusion. Overweight and obese subjects had a significantly higher frequency of Gly16 (0.375 and 0.38, resp.) compared with normal-weight subjects (0.200). In addition, subjects carrying Gly16 allele regardless of their BMI had greater waist and hip circumference, W/H ratio, plasma lipids, leptin, glucose level, and insulin resistance as judged from the HOMA-IR, compared to those with the wild-type allele. The findings of this study show a significant association between the Arg16Gly polymorphism in β2AR gene and the development of insulin resistance, overweight, and obesity in Saudi populations with an influence on the levels of lipid and leptin.

Roles of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms in a Turkish population with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or obesity

“…Gln = glutamine; Glu = glutamine acid; OSAS 10-30 subjects = 10-30 events/h by apnea-hypopnea index 11-30 events/h. were overweight, and 45.45% were obese (Daghestani et al, 2012). The genotypes AA, AG, and GG were observed in 54.3, 19.56, and 26.1% of men, respectively.…”

“…The genotypes AA, AG, and GG were observed in 54.3, 19.56, and 26.1% of men, respectively. In women, the genotypes AA, AG, and GG were observed in 51, 20, and 29% of women, respectively (Daghestani et al, 2012). The researchers argued that the Arg16Gly polymorphism can be a determinant of the development of obesity in Saudi communities (Daghestani et al, 2012).…”

“…Approximately 0.9-1.9% of the Turkish population suffers from sleep apnea syndrome (Sengul et al, 2011). In the USA, 12 million people aged 30-65 years have OSAS, and approximately 25% have medium or severe apnea according to the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) (Daghestani et al, 2012;Herr et al, 2013). In a study conducted in the USA, Young et al (2003) examined continuous snoring in 1453 individuals 30-60 years of age who appeared to be healthy.…”

“…In a study conducted in the USA, Young et al (2003) examined continuous snoring in 1453 individuals 30-60 years of age who appeared to be healthy. The researchers applied PSG to 602 subjects and found AHI values of >5 in 9% of women and 24% of men, AHI > 10 in 5% of women and 15% of men, and AHI > 20 in 4% of women and 9% of men (Young et al, 2003;Daghestani et al, 2012).…”

“…Obesity, which primarily results from nutrition habits, is one of the most important problems currently threatening human health and has been defined as "the secret illness" (Daghestani et al, 2012). Studies in the USA have predicted that together with increasing obesity, OSAS will become a major health problem (Young et al, 2003;Bartels et al, 2007).…”