Areolar and breast staging in adolescent girls

Biro, Frank M.; Falkner, Frank; Khoury, Phil; Morrison, John A.; Lucky, Anne W.

doi:10.1016/s0932-8610(19)80167-6

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Starting in 2012, breast development was assessed at the clinical visits via a visual inspection with the use of the Tanner rating scale as well as palpation to differentiate breast tissue from adipose tissue (33)(34)(35). A single female dietitian was trained under the supervision of a pediatric endocrinologist on Tanner assessment and achieved a sensitivity and specificity .80% (36).…”

Section: Dense Breast Tissue Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls,

Gaskins

Pereira

Quintiliano

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Frequent dairy consumption in childhood has been related to higher growth-hormone concentrations that may affect mammary gland and pubertal development. Objective: We evaluated the relation of dairy intake to breast composition at Tanner stage 4 and age at menarche. Design: A total of 515 Chilean girls are included in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study. The subjects have been followed longitudinally since they were 3-4 y old (from 2006 to the present). Starting in 2013, diet was assessed every 6 mo via a 24-h recall. The breast fibroglandular volume (FGV) was measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at Tanner stage 4. The date of menarche was reported every 6 mo. Our analysis included 290 girls with data on prospective diet and breast composition and 324 girls with data on prospective diet and age at menarche. Results: The mean 6 SD breast FGV and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) (i.e., FGV divided by total breast volume times 100) at Tanner stage 4 was 81.7 6 32.2 cm 3 and 42.0% 6 16.7%, respectively. Only sweetened, artificially flavored milk-based drinks were associated with the %FGV with girls who consumed .125 g/d having a %FGV that was 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9%, 8.1%) higher than that of girls who consumed none (P-trend = 0.007). Yogurt intake was associated with a lower FGV. Specifically, girls who consumed .125 g yogurt/d had 210.2 cm 3 (95% CI: 220.2, 20.3 cm 3 ) less FGV than did girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.03). The majority (90.7%) of girls in our cohort attained menarche before the data analyses with a mean 6 SD age at menarche of 11.9 6 0.7 y. In multivariable models, low-fat dairy, low-fat milk, and yogurt intakes were associated with a later age at menarche. In particular, girls who consumed .125 g yogurt/d had menarche, on average, 4.6 mo (95% CI: 1.9, 7.4 mo) later than girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.01). Conclusion: More-frequent consumption of sweetened, artificiallyflavored milk-based drinks is associated with a higher %FGV, whereas higher yogurt intake is associated with a lower FGV and delayed age at menarche in Chilean girls.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1166-75.

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Section: Dense Breast Tissue Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls,

Gaskins

Pereira

Quintiliano

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Stage 2 was pubertal (presence of pubic hair and/or areolar development) but premenarchal. Stage 3 was postmenarchal (13).…”

Section: Clinical Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and the Development of Insulin Resistance and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Black and White Adolescent Girls

et al. 2004

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OBJECTIVE -Age at onset of type 2 diabetes has decreased during the past 20 years, especially in black women. Studies of factors associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in preadolescent and adolescent populations are essential to understanding diabetes development.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Growth and Health Study (NGHS) is a 10-year cohort study of the development of obesity in black and white girls. Two NGHS centers examined the associations of obesity, puberty, and race with fasting insulin, glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; a calculated index of insulin resistance) measures at 9 -10 years of age (baseline) and 10 years later.RESULTS -Black girls had greater baseline and year-10 BMI than white girls, with a greater 10-year incidence of obesity. BMI-insulin correlations were positive in both black and white girls at both visits, but insulin remained higher in black girls after controlling for BMI. In black girls, insulin and HOMA-IR were higher in the prepubertal period (before the emergence of racial differences in BMI), increased more during puberty, and decreased less with its completion. Baseline BMI predicted year-10 glucose and the development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in black girls. In white girls, the rate of BMI increase during follow-up predicted these outcomes. The 10-year incidence of diabetes in black girls was 1.4%.CONCLUSIONS -Black-white differences in insulin resistance are not just a consequence of obesity, but precede the pubertal divergence in BMI. The development of IFG appears to be a function of the rate of increase of BMI in white girls and early obesity in black girls. Diabetes Care 27:378 -383, 2004T he prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in children and adults over the past 20 years, and the age at onset of type 2 diabetes has decreased (1,2). The earlier onset may reflect the longer duration of the obese, insulin-resistant state by late adolescence (3). Previous studies demonstrated racial differences in insulin sensitivity in obese preadolescents (4 -8). These studies were limited in their ability to explain the development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) because of their cross-sectional design and small samples.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Growth and Health Study (NGHS) is a 10-year cohort study of the development of obesity in black and white girls (9). To explicate the relationships of obesity with insulin resistance and increased glucose in adolescent girls, the centers in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., measured fasting insulin and glucose levels at baseline (ages 9 and 10 years) and 10 years later. We postulated that racial differences in insulin sensitivity and persistent obesity contribute to the development of higher glucose levels and diabetes in black females. RESEARCH DESIGN ANDMETHODS -The NGHS, conducted under a contract with NHLBI to identify factors associated with the development of obesity in "black" ...

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“…Sexual maturation was assessed by trained registered nurses using criteria developed by Garn and Falkner, based on Tanner staging principles, but modified for the study of obesity in a biracial population. 13 Specific staging plates were developed for evaluation of both pubic hair and areolar development. Girls were queried annually on menstrual periods to ascertain the age at menarche.…”

Section: Clinical Measurements and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity Development During Adolescence in a Biracial Cohort: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study (NGHS) is a 10-year study to investigate the development of obesity in black and white girls during adolescence and its environmental and psychosocial correlates. The purpose of this report was to examine changes in the annual prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in the NGHS cohort from ages 9 to 19 years.Participants and Setting. A total of 2379 black and white girls, aged 9 to 10 years, were recruited from schools in Richmond, California, and Cincinnati, Ohio, and from families enrolled in a health maintenance organization in the Washington, DC area. Participant eligibility was limited to girls and their parents who declared themselves as being either black or white and who lived in racially concordant households.Design and Statistical Analysis. The NGHS is a multicenter prospective study of a biracial cohort followed annually from ages 9 to 10 years through 18 to 19 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was based on age-specific >85th and >95th percentile values, respectively, for body mass index based on the 1960 -1965 National Health Examination Survey reference population.Main Outcome Measures. The main outcome measures were body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters, squared) and proportions of girls who were "overweight" and "obese" by age and race.Results. The prevalence of overweight was 37% higher in blacks as compared with whites (30.6% vs 22.4%) even by age 9. The rate of overweight almost doubled in both groups during the 10-year period. By age 19, the rate of overweight was 56.9% in black and 41.3%, in white girls. The prevalence of obesity was 17.7% in black and 7.7% in white girls at 9 years old, and the rates also doubled during the study period.Conclusions. The doubling in the prevalence of overweight and obesity during adolescence in black and white NGHS girls was surprising. By age 19, more than half of black girls were overweight and more than one third were obese. Almost half of white girls were overweight and almost 1 of 5 girls were obese. These findings should sound an alarm for all primary care physicians and public health professionals to take heed of what is happening to our youth. Pediatrics 2002;110(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/5/e54; race, adolescence, body mass index, obesity, overweight, prevalence rates, females.ABBREVIATIONS. NGHS, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study; HMO, health maintenance organization; BMI, body mass index; NHES, National Health Examination Survey; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.T he prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in recent years with a greater increase in minority population groups. [1][2][3][4][5][6] In the early 1960s, the prevalence of overweight was lower in black girls than in whites, 5 but because of racial differences in the secular trend, the prevalence of obesity in black girls is now twice greater than in white girls ...

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Areolar and breast staging in adolescent girls

Cited by 44 publications

References 1 publication

Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls,

Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls,

Obesity and the Development of Insulin Resistance and Impaired Fasting Glucose in Black and White Adolescent Girls

Obesity Development During Adolescence in a Biracial Cohort: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study

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