Area Under the Curve and Other Summary Indicators of Repeated Waking Cortisol Measurements

Fekedulegn, Desta; Andrew, Michael E.; Burchfiel, Cecil M.; Violanti, John M.; Hartley, Tara A.; Charles, Luenda E.; Miller, Diane B.

doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31814c405c

Cited by 410 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For reducing the number of statistical comparisons between PARL and AMS, cardiac response parameters were calculated as area under the curve (AUC), which represents both the magnitude of the response and the changes occurring over time (Fekedulegn et al, 2007). Areas under the response curves were determined for each individual in the PREMILK and MILK periods utilising a trapezoid method described by Lay et al (1996) as follows:…”

Section: Avoidance Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

Heart rate, heart rate variability, faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and avoidance response of dairy cows before and after changeover to an automatic milking system

Jurkovich

Kézér

Ruff

et al. 2017

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of dairy cows were monitored during parlour (PARL) and the later installed automatic (AMS) milking on a small-scale commercial dairy farm in Hungary. The aim of the study was to assess stress in relation to the type of milking and the frequency of human interaction. Parlour milking involved regular moving and crowding of the animals with frequent human interaction, which were much less frequent in automatic milking. The first phase of the study was conducted prior to the changeover [n = 27] and the second two months afterwards [n = 19 (of the cows from the first phase)]. Heart rate (HR) was recorded by the Polar RS800 CX recording system. HRV parameters indicative of sympathovagal balance were calculated for periods of lying and standing in the barn, waiting before milking and milking, respectively. Morning and evening faecal glucocorticoid concentrations were also measured. Fear of humans was tested by an avoidance distance test. Baseline HRV parameters showed no difference (P > 0.05) between the two systems. In the periods before, during and after milking a higher sympathetic tone was detected in cows in the PARL phase. Mean faecal glucocorticoid concentrations were higher at the time of parlour milking. The avoidance distance did not differ between the two phases. The results suggest that automatic milking might be less stressful for cows than

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Section: Avoidance Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

Heart rate, heart rate variability, faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and avoidance response of dairy cows before and after changeover to an automatic milking system

Jurkovich

Kézér

Ruff

et al. 2017

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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“…The AUCg measures, in endocrinological terms, the total 'hormonal output', whereas the AUCi measures the hormonal changes over time. Therefore, the latter index is especially suitable to evaluate HPA-axis sensitivity (Fekedulegn et al, 2007). In a first step, the effects of HF-rTMS on the HPA-axis were analyzed using the real and sham AUC values as dependent variables in a repeated measures ANOVA analysis with stimulation (real HF-rTMS-sham HF-rTMS) as the within subjects factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline ‘state anxiety’ influences HPA-axis sensitivity to one sham-controlled HF-rTMS session applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Baeken¹,

Vanderhasselt²,

Raedt³

2011

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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2 SummaryAlthough negative results have been reported, an important aspect of the physiology of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) could be related to the endocrinological response of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, such as cortisol secretion. Because endocrinological responses are influenced by anxiety states, this could influence the effect of rTMS in healthy individuals. In this sham-controlled, "single blind" crossover study, we examined whether one session of HF-rTMS could affect the HPA-system, when taking into account individual state anxiety scores based on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Twenty-four healthy rTMS naïve females received one sham-controlled high frequency (HF)-rTMS session delivered on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, together with salivary cortisol samples, was collected before, just after and 30 minutes post HF-rTMS. To examine whether state anxiety could influence endocrinological outcome measurements, we administered the STAI-state just before each HF-rTMS experiment started. Based on the POMS questionnaire, no mood changes were observed.Without taking individual state anxiety scores into account, one sham-controlled right-sided HF-rTMS session did not influence the HPA-system. When taking into account individual STAI-state scores, we found that healthy women scoring higher on the STAI-state displayed a significantly more sensitive HPA-system, resulting in salivary cortisol concentration increases after real HF-rTMS, compared to those scoring lower on this anxiety scale. Our results indicate that healthy women scoring high on state anxiety display a more sensitive HPAsystem when receiving one right-sided HF-rTMS session. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of individual anxiety states in experimental rTMS research could add further information about its neurobiological influences on the HPA-system.

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“…For example, one of the strongest studies in terms of methodology (Champaneri et al, 2013), which conducted multi-point diurnal saliva sampling across three days in a large sample of men and women, evidences this negative relationship between obesity and CAR. Finally, considering that all but one reviewed study (Ursache et al, 2012), measured CAR as the difference between waking cortisol and thirty minutes postwaking, we recommend that future research incorporate smaller time intervals (e.g., 15 min), especially given that different trends at the 15-min interval level can have a marked impact on the resulting CAR calculation (Fekedulegn et al 2007). This improvement in CAR measurement precision is an important step in clarifying the relationships between each type of obesity and CAR.…”

Section: Cortisol Awakening Response (Car)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and cortisol activity in obesity: A systematic review

Rodriguez

Epel

White

et al. 2015

Psychoneuroendocrinology

317

195

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Although there is substantial evidence of differential hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in both generalized and abdominal obesity, consistent trends in obesity-related HPA axis perturbations have yet to be identified. Objectives: To systematically review the existing literature on HPA activity in obesity, identify possible explanations for inconsistencies in the literature, and suggest methodological improvements for future study. Data sources: Included papers used Pubmed, Google Scholar, and the University of California Library search engines with search terms body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, sagittal diameter, abdominal versus peripheral body fat distribution, body fat percentage, DEXA, abdominal obesity, and cortisol with terms awakening response, slope, total daily output, reactivity, feedback sensitivity, long-term output, and 11␤-HSD expression. Study eligibility criteria: Empirical research papers were eligible provided that they included at least one type of obesity (general or abdominal), measured at least one relevant cortisol parameter, and a priori tested for a relationship between obesity and cortisol. Results: A general pattern of findings emerged where greater abdominal fat is associated with greater responsivity of the HPA axis, reflected in morning awakening and acute stress reactivity, but some studies did show underresponsiveness. When examined in adipocytes, there is a clear upregulation of cortisol output (due to greater expression of 11␤-HSD1), but in hepatic tissue this cortisol is downregulated. Overall obesity (BMI) appears to also be related to a hyperresponsive HPA axis in many but not all studies, such as when acute reactivity is examined. Limitations: The reviewed literature contains numerous inconsistencies and contradictions in research methodologies, sample characteristics, and results, which partially precluded the development of clear and reliable patterns of dysregulation in each investigated cortisol parameter. Conclusions and implications:The literature to date is inconclusive, which may well arise from differential effects of generalized obesity vs. abdominal obesity or from modulators such as sex, sex hormones, and chronic stress. While the relationship between obesity and adipocyte cortisol seems to be clear, further research is warranted to understand how adipocyte cortisol metabolism influences circulating cortisol levels and to establish consistent patterns of perturbations in adrenal cortisol activity in both generalized and abdominal obesity.

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Area Under the Curve and Other Summary Indicators of Repeated Waking Cortisol Measurements

Abstract: Principal components analyses revealed that summary parameters derived from repeated cortisol measurements can be grouped into two meaningful general categories: measures of the magnitude of response and measures of the pattern of response over time.

Cited by 410 publications

References 14 publications

Heart rate, heart rate variability, faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and avoidance response of dairy cows before and after changeover to an automatic milking system

Heart rate, heart rate variability, faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and avoidance response of dairy cows before and after changeover to an automatic milking system

Baseline ‘state anxiety’ influences HPA-axis sensitivity to one sham-controlled HF-rTMS session applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and cortisol activity in obesity: A systematic review

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