Area Postrema: Fetal Maturation, Tumors, Vomiting Center, Growth, Role in Neuromyelitis Optica

Sarnat, Harvey B.; Flores‐Sarnat, Laura; Boltshauser, Eugen

doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.12.006

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Anatomically, AP is a vascular structure found in the floor of the fourth ventricle, and act as the vomiting centre by combining chemical and neural inputs from blood and brainstem, respectively. 5 The leaky blood-brain barrier found here makes it accessible to AQP4-IgG, and is thought to represent an early phase of NMO. 3 Unlike spinal and optic lesions of classic NMO, lesions in the AP usually demonstrate more inflammation than demyelination and necrosis, explaining the potential for complete recovery following treatment.…”

Section: Images In…mentioning

confidence: 84%

Area postrema syndrome: a neurological presentation of nausea, vomiting and hiccups

Chan

Vorobeychik

2020

BMJ Case Rep

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Section: Images In…mentioning

confidence: 84%

Area postrema syndrome: a neurological presentation of nausea, vomiting and hiccups

Chan

Vorobeychik

2020

BMJ Case Rep

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“…The tegmentum otherwise showed intense reactivity in all gray matter regions but not in longitudinal white matter tracts such as the tractus solitarius at the lateral edge of the section, with strong reactivity surrounding this fascicle as the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. Reproduced from reference (Sarnat et al, 2019).…”

Section: Cerebellar Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The area postrema is a small but important nucleus in the dorsomedial medulla oblongata near to the caudal end of the floor of the 4th ventricle (Figure 4), with rather widespread connections. It shows strong immunoreactivity for synaptophysin from 14 to 15 weeks gestation, but never as intense as many nuclei of the tegmentum of the brainstem, in part because the area postrema is a highly vascular structure without a blood-brain barrier (Sarnat et al, 2019).…”

Section: Area Postremamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequences of synaptogenesis in the human fetal and neonatal brain by synaptophysin immunocytochemistry

Sarnat

2023

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Synaptogenesis is the final phase of axonal pathfinding. Its sequences of spatial and temporal development in the immature nervous system are precisely timed and consistent. Synaptophysin, a principal structural glycoprotein of synaptic vesicle membranes regardless of the chemical transmitter substance within, is a reliable means of demonstrating sequences of synaptogenesis in human fetal brain tissue at autopsy and is resistant to postmortem autolysis. Furthermore, synaptophysin molecules are demonstrated during axoplasmic flow before being assembled into membranes in immature axons and also mature axons of neurons with a high metabolic rate. In brain malformations these sequences often are altered both in distribution of synapses and in timing, often delayed but sometimes precocious, with postnatal clinical manifestations such as epilepsy and cognitive development.

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“…55 The AP is one of the circumventricular organs, which can detect circulating chemical messengers in the blood and can integrate mechanical sensory information from the GI tract with circulating, including neurohormonal signals, to regulate vagal control. 56 Interestingly, some peptides such as GLP-1 and Ghrelin supposedly influence gastrointestinal functions via a paracrine action on vagal afferent fibers. [57][58][59][60] Also, CCK has a large body of evidence showing that can influence the neurons of the NTS, DMV, and the AP, regulating neural excitability, exocrine pancreatic secretion, or gastric motility.…”

Section: Mealtime Modify Nts Dmv and Ap Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding during the resting phase causes gastrointestinal tract dysfunction and desynchronization of metabolic and neuronal rhythms in rats

Salgado‐Delgado,

Espinosa‐Tanguma,

Valdés Abadía

et al. 2023

Neurogastroenterology Motil

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BackgroundDisrupted circadian rhythms may result from a misalignment between the environmental cycles (due to shift work, sleep restriction, feeding at an unusual time of day) and endogenous rhythms or by physiological aging. Among the numerous adverse effects, disrupted rhythms affect the brain‐gut axis, contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases in the gastrointestinal tract, for example, abdominal pain, constipation, gastric dyspepsia, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and others.MethodsThis study evaluated the rat gastric emptying, gastrointestinal motility, a clock gene, gut hormones, and the neuron activity on the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in rats with restricted food access to the rest phase for 4 weeks.Key ResultsOur results show that food restricted to the rest light period disturbed the expression pattern of a series of transcripts, including metabolic and circadian regulation. Also, the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, gastric emptying, intestinal motility, and NTS, AP, and DMV activity were altered.Conclusions & InferencesThese data indicate the importance of the time of the day food is ingested on the regulation of energy balance and the endocrine activity of the stomach and small intestine, emphasizing the importance of food as a powerful circadian synchronizer and an essential factor for the triggering of gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic problems. These findings offer a novel clue regarding the obesity‐promoting effect attributed to feeding time and open the possibility of treating this and other intestinal disorders.

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Area Postrema: Fetal Maturation, Tumors, Vomiting Center, Growth, Role in Neuromyelitis Optica

Cited by 7 publications

References 84 publications

Area postrema syndrome: a neurological presentation of nausea, vomiting and hiccups

Area postrema syndrome: a neurological presentation of nausea, vomiting and hiccups

Sequences of synaptogenesis in the human fetal and neonatal brain by synaptophysin immunocytochemistry

Feeding during the resting phase causes gastrointestinal tract dysfunction and desynchronization of metabolic and neuronal rhythms in rats

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