“…Second, they should incorporate participation that positions students in active decisionmaking roles that meaningfully impact the activities' outcomes (Arnold, 1998;Butler, 1988;Colella, 2000). Third, simulations must be pedagogically mediated by the teacher to ensure that these other elements cohere into focused and powerful learning experiences (Crookall, 2010;DeLeon, 2008;Gillespie, 1973;Smith & Boyer, 1996;Wright-Maley, in press). Defined this way, simulations represent powerful teaching.…”