“…With fuel costs predicted to rise (Ringbeck and Röska, 2011) aviation has a strong drive to improve fuel efficiency through, for example, improving aircraft engine efficiency and aerodynamics, or fleet and route optimization (Kar et al , 2010). To a large extent such options are already being exploited (Sgouridis, 2012). In effect, the industry has improved fuel efficiency at a rate of 1 percent each year (Lee et al , 2001).…”