Are think-alouds reactive? Evidence from an L2 written corrective feedback study

Abstract

The use of concurrent data elicitation procedures (e.g. think-alouds, eye-tracking, response time) to investigate learners’ cognitive processing and processes is becoming more prominent in research designs as researchers seek to acquire a better understanding of how second language (L2) learners process L2 data (e.g. Martin et al., 2019; Rogers, 2019; Thinglum, 2019; for more recent studies employing concurrent procedures, see Leow, 2019). At the same time, an increasing number of studies have empirically investigated the reactivity of think-aloud protocols in second language acquisition (e.g. Medina, 2019; Morgan-Short et al., 2012). While the studies that have addressed the reactivity issue have yielded mixed findings, only a few studies (e.g. Adrada-Rafael & Filgueras-Gómez, 2019; Sachs & Polio, 2007) have addressed the written mode, particularly in the context of L2 writing that incorporates feedback. As part of a larger study of written corrective feedback, the present study investigates the possible reactive effects of think-alouds during exposure to written corrective feedback, which was provided on learners’ L2 writing, on their L2 development. Fifty-nine Korean university learners of English as a foreign language, randomly assigned to either a think-aloud or to a non-think-aloud (silent control) condition, participated in the study. L2 development was measured by a written story-retelling task and a multiple-choice receptive test. Results showed that thinking aloud while processing written corrective feedback during three feedback sessions did not affect learners’ development of receptive knowledge and their ability to produce the target structure in a new piece of writing when compared to a non-think-aloud condition.

Research Trends of Written Corrective Feedback in L2 Writing: A Bibliometric Analysis

“…In terms of experimental measurement, scientific medical imaging technology can be used to measure the internal and psychological change of students. By using objective measurement methods such as eye-tracking, think-aloud, fMRI and ERP (event-related potentials) imaging technology, the measurement result will be more scientific and can reduce the bias caused by subjective methods (El Ebyary & Windeatt, 2019; Suh, 2020). From a theoretical point of view, future research should combine more theories form linguistics, education and psychology to expend the research scope and dive into the deep layer to provide scientific explanation for the effectiveness of written corrective feedback.…”

Facilitating L2 writers’ metacognitive strategy use in argumentative writing using a process-genre approach

“…Researchers often audio-and video-record the think-aloud process so that they can replay and refer to what participants have verbalized ( Gu et al, 2005 ; Yang et al, 2014 ). Think-aloud protocol method has been widely used in writing research in L1 and L2 contexts ( Flower and Hayes, 1981 ; Qi and Lapkin, 2001 ; Manchón, 2009 ; Kim and Bowles, 2019 ; Suh, 2020 ), as it explicitly reveals writers’ detailed cognitive process while performing the tasks ( Leighton and Gierl, 2007 ). Despite concerns about the reactivity and veridicality of this method ( Sachs and Polio, 2007 ; Yang et al, 2014 ), many researchers view it as a trustworthy methodological choice in second-language research if it is operated and interpreted with care ( Bowles, 2010 ; Zhang and Zhang, 2020 ).…”