“…Some authors have indicated that there is a lack of evidence on the association between SB and stress. 31 For instance, a recent study by Ohlmann et al 30 could not prove that SB is related to chronic stress and sleep quality. Instead, the available literature indicates that a high level of CRP is associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes such as diabetes and CVD.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…However, to date, the association between SB and inflammation remains unclear, and hence, the present paper addresses the need for investigating the inflammatory features of SB in order to bridge the gaps in the scientific literature. The association between stress and inflammatory markers has been well documented, 28 which suggests that SB, linked with psychoemotional components (such as emotional stress), 11,29,30 may also have an inflammatory etiology. Some authors have indicated that there is a lack of evidence on the association between SB and stress.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In line with the previous studies, 36 an increased concentration of 17-OHCS was found to be a probable response to stress in patients with severe SB, which has been widely discussed in the literature. 30,35 In the study performed by Fluerașu et al, the levels of salivary cortisol were tested using the ELISA technique to investigate the impact of stress, 35 which were found to be higher in subjects with SB. Smardz et al 30 screened SB patients with Perceived Stress Scale-10 and reported that the intensity of SB was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…30,35 In the study performed by Fluerașu et al, the levels of salivary cortisol were tested using the ELISA technique to investigate the impact of stress, 35 which were found to be higher in subjects with SB. Smardz et al 30 screened SB patients with Perceived Stress Scale-10 and reported that the intensity of SB was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression. The present study was designed to test the urinary excretion rate of 17-OHCS in order to evaluate the stress response.…”
Purpose
Sleep bruxism (SB) is characterized by repetitive phasic, tonic, or mixed masticatory muscle activity during sleep with multifactorial etiology. Previous studies have shown that the complex origin of SB can be related to the psychological features of the affected individual, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, increased body mass index, hypertension, thyroid diseases, and probable genetic vulnerability. This study aimed to investigate the inflammatory markers, hormonal disturbances, and sleepiness associated with SB, which have a potential effect on the total cardiovascular (CV) risk among relatively young and healthy patients.
Patients and Methods
A total of 74 individuals with probable SB were subjected to single-night polysomnography, followed by blood panel and 24-h urinary excretion tests. The level of daytime sleepiness was assessed in the participants using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Results
SB was found in 78.4% of participants. The bruxism episode index (BEI) positively correlated with the concentrations of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in the collected urine samples. A positive correlation was also found between phasic BEI and glucose concentration 2 h after the consumption of glucose solution. Sleep bruxers showed significantly increased sleepiness compared to nonbruxers (
p
= 0.02). The scores on sleepiness were positively correlated with mixed BEI, minimal oxygen saturation, and mean heart rate.
Conclusion
The results of this study revealed that participants with SB had metabolic and hormonal disturbances, probably due to stress and sympathetic activity. Moreover, it was found that young sleep bruxers potentially have a high CV risk due to the increased level of inflammatory and stress markers.
“…Some authors have indicated that there is a lack of evidence on the association between SB and stress. 31 For instance, a recent study by Ohlmann et al 30 could not prove that SB is related to chronic stress and sleep quality. Instead, the available literature indicates that a high level of CRP is associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes such as diabetes and CVD.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…However, to date, the association between SB and inflammation remains unclear, and hence, the present paper addresses the need for investigating the inflammatory features of SB in order to bridge the gaps in the scientific literature. The association between stress and inflammatory markers has been well documented, 28 which suggests that SB, linked with psychoemotional components (such as emotional stress), 11,29,30 may also have an inflammatory etiology. Some authors have indicated that there is a lack of evidence on the association between SB and stress.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In line with the previous studies, 36 an increased concentration of 17-OHCS was found to be a probable response to stress in patients with severe SB, which has been widely discussed in the literature. 30,35 In the study performed by Fluerașu et al, the levels of salivary cortisol were tested using the ELISA technique to investigate the impact of stress, 35 which were found to be higher in subjects with SB. Smardz et al 30 screened SB patients with Perceived Stress Scale-10 and reported that the intensity of SB was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…30,35 In the study performed by Fluerașu et al, the levels of salivary cortisol were tested using the ELISA technique to investigate the impact of stress, 35 which were found to be higher in subjects with SB. Smardz et al 30 screened SB patients with Perceived Stress Scale-10 and reported that the intensity of SB was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression. The present study was designed to test the urinary excretion rate of 17-OHCS in order to evaluate the stress response.…”
Purpose
Sleep bruxism (SB) is characterized by repetitive phasic, tonic, or mixed masticatory muscle activity during sleep with multifactorial etiology. Previous studies have shown that the complex origin of SB can be related to the psychological features of the affected individual, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, increased body mass index, hypertension, thyroid diseases, and probable genetic vulnerability. This study aimed to investigate the inflammatory markers, hormonal disturbances, and sleepiness associated with SB, which have a potential effect on the total cardiovascular (CV) risk among relatively young and healthy patients.
Patients and Methods
A total of 74 individuals with probable SB were subjected to single-night polysomnography, followed by blood panel and 24-h urinary excretion tests. The level of daytime sleepiness was assessed in the participants using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Results
SB was found in 78.4% of participants. The bruxism episode index (BEI) positively correlated with the concentrations of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in the collected urine samples. A positive correlation was also found between phasic BEI and glucose concentration 2 h after the consumption of glucose solution. Sleep bruxers showed significantly increased sleepiness compared to nonbruxers (
p
= 0.02). The scores on sleepiness were positively correlated with mixed BEI, minimal oxygen saturation, and mean heart rate.
Conclusion
The results of this study revealed that participants with SB had metabolic and hormonal disturbances, probably due to stress and sympathetic activity. Moreover, it was found that young sleep bruxers potentially have a high CV risk due to the increased level of inflammatory and stress markers.
“…Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and the metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) are gelatinases associated with the lysis of type IV collagen and elastin. MMP9 is implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders [19] and is associated with stress conditions [20], which is possibly associated with bruxism [21]. Besides studying the serotonin [17] and dopamine [16], pathways to identify genetic variants contributing to bruxism is a sensible choice due to the evidence that neurotransmitters in the central nervous system are involved with bruxism.…”
Bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity characterized by grinding of the teeth and clenching of the jaw that causes tooth wear and breakage, temporomandibular joint disorders, muscle pain, and headache. Bruxism occurs in both adults and children. Clinical characteristics and habits were evaluated in an adult sample. Moreover, we used DNA samples from 349 adults and 151 children to determine the presence of association with specific genes. Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva. The markers rs2241145 and rs243832 (metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)), rs13925 and rs2236416 (metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)), and rs6269 (cathecol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)) were genotyped. Data were submitted to statistical analysis with a significance level of 0.05. In adults, in univariate logistic regression, presence of caries, attrition, and use of alcohol were increased in bruxism individuals (p < 0.05). In addition, in adults, there was an association between bruxism and MMP9 (rs13925, p = 0.0001) and bruxism and COMT (rs6269, p = 0.003). In children, a borderline association was observed for MMP9 (rs2236416, p = 0.08). When we performed multivariate logistic regression analyses in adults, the same clinical characteristics remained associated with bruxism, and orthodontic treatment was also associated, besides rs13925, in the AG genotype (p = 0.015, ORa: 3.40 (1.27–9.07)). For the first time, we provide statistical evidence that these genes are associate with bruxism.
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