Are the neuroprotective effects of exercise training systemically mediated?

Tari, Atefe R; Norevik, Cecilie Skarstad; Scrimgeour, Nathan R.; Kobro‐Flatmoen, Asgeir; Storm‐Mathisen, Jon; Bergersen, Linda Hildegard; Wrann, Christiane D.; Selbæk, Geir; Kivipelto, Miia; Moreira, José Bianco Nascimento; Wisløff, Ulrik

doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.003

Cited by 84 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Specifically, cardiorespiratory fitness has been the best predictor of these variables, which is consistent with previous findings [20,21,25]. Some studies have revealed that those exercises that allow to increase cardiorespiratory fitness, also generate increases in the synthesis of biomolecules such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which facilitate the brain plasticity processes [13]. In turn, it has been observed that cardiovascular fitness is positively associated with the cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in various brain regions [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In recent years there have been great advances in neuroscientific knowledge applied to sports sciences, obtaining data that support how organic changes produced by physical exercise of intensity and frequency from moderate to high, would also explain the changes produced in brain functioning [12,13,24]. Therefore, it is consistent to consider that adolescents who regularly practiced more hours a week will have generated previous changes in their brain that will have helped them develop greater cognitive capacity, which has been reflected in the data obtained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the set of studies carried out, those that have highlighted positive relationships of physical exercise with cognitive abilities, such as attention and concentration, processing speed, cognitive functioning or language, stand out [7][8][9][10][11]. Different advances in neuroscientific knowledge help to explain why this happens, thus endorsing this phenomenon and considering it as an important line of research in the field of health [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical Exercise, Fitness, Cognitive Functioning, and Psychosocial Variables in an Adolescent Sample

Reigal

Moral-Campillo

Baro

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The objective of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between physical exercise and physical fitness with cognitive and psychosocial functioning in a group of adolescents. 167 teenagers between 14 and 15 years old (M = 14.53; SD = 0.50) from the city of Malaga (Spain) participated in the study. This research used a comparative and predictive type of design. The Tanita ® Body Composition Monitor BC-601, some Eurofit battery tests, the D2 Attention Test, the WISC-IV Scale Symbols and Keys tests, the Form 5 Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used to evaluate the study variables. The results found in this research pointed to a positive relationship between physical exercise and physical fitness with cognitive and psychosocial functioning in the adolescents analyzed. For example, adolescents who practiced more physical exercise had better scores on variables such as selective attention (p < 0.001; η 2 = 0.10), processing speed (p < 0.001; η 2 = 0.09) or general self-efficacy (p < 0.001; η 2 = 0.15). In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness was the best predictor of test scores to assess cognitive ability and psychosocial variables. These findings suggest the need to promote physical exercise among young people because of its implications for various facets of their health and development

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical Exercise, Fitness, Cognitive Functioning, and Psychosocial Variables in an Adolescent Sample

Reigal

Moral-Campillo

Baro

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…These authors consider that both the cognitive demands of the exercise itself and other physiological effects derived from physical exertion would explain this phenomenon. For example, some current hypotheses consider that physical exercise promotes the activity of biomolecules such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or the insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which promote changes in brain (Tari et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Fitness Level Is Related to Attention and Concentration in Adolescents

et al. 2020

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The main goal of this study was to analyze the relationships among physical fitness, selective attention and concentration in a group of 210 teenagers (43.81% male, 56.19% female) from the city of Málaga (Spain), aged between 11 and 15 years old (M = 13.27, SD = 1.80) that participated in the study. D2 attention test was used in order to analyze selective attention and concentration. Physical fitness was evaluated using the horizontal jump test, the Course Navette test and the 5 × 10 meters speed test. The analysis taken indicated a significant relationship among the physical fitness level, the attention and the concentration, as in the general sample as looking at gender. Linear regression tests performed showed that oxygen consumption is the best predictor of attentional parameters. Cluster analysis shows two groups characterized by a greater or lower physical fitness level. So, the highest physical fitness level group scores better in the attention (e.g., boys: p < 0.001, d' Cohen = 1.01, 95% CI [0.57, 1.44]; girls: p < 0.01, d' Cohen = 0.61, 95% CI [0.24, 0.98]) and the concentration tests (e.g., boys: p < 0.001, d' Cohen = 0.89, 95% CI [0.46, 1.32]; girls: p < 0.01, d' Cohen = 0.58, 95% CI [0.21, 0.95]). Results indicate that physical fitness analysis can be used as a tool for observing differences in the attention and concentration level of the analyzed adolescents, suggesting that a physical performance improvement could be an adequate procedure to develop some cognitive functions during adolescence.

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“…metabolic factors could influence both somatic and brain health, impaired brain health could influence somatic health, or the effects could be reciprocal as previously implied for obesity and depression. 2 Physical fitness and activity -common lifestyle interventions -are associated with reduced risk for obesity, 1 may counteract a genetic predisposition for obesity, 12 have neuroprotective effects on the brain, 22 and have been positively related to brain structure. 13 We found significant associations between thigh muscle volume and accumbens, and negative nonlinear association pattern between anthropometric measures and cortical, cerebellar gray matter, and brain stem structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-based body-brain mapping links brain morphology and body composition

Gurholt

Kaufmann

Frei

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Understanding complex body-brain processes, and putative interplay between adipose tissue and brain health, is of vital importance for brain and somatic disease prevention in the general population. We studied the link between body composition and brain structure through large-scale investigation in a healthy population without secondary disease effects. Methods:We processed brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and extracted measures of brain morphometry from 19,330 healthy UK Biobank participants, of which a subset (n=2,703) had body MRI. We investigated associations between brain structure and (i) anthropometric body composition measures, and (ii) regional/specific body MRI measures of abdominal fat and muscle tissue. Findings:We identified highly significant body-brain associations (p-values≤0·0002).Anthropometric measures showed negative, nonlinear, associations with cerebellar/cortical gray matter, and brain stem structures, negative associations with white matter, and positive associations with ventricular volumes. Subcortical structures exhibited mixed effect directionality, with strongest positive association for accumbens. Among body MRI measures, liver fat was negatively associated with thinner/lower cortical gray matter thickness/volume, and thigh muscle volume positively associated with accumbens volume. Interpretation:We demonstrate significant body-brain associations, and map individual differences in body composition to brain morphology in healthy individuals. Common measures of body composition correlated negatively with cerebellar and cortical structures and positively with the accumbens, a dopamine rich structure involved in reward processing. These findings of a relationship between brain anatomy and body composition provide new insight into body-brain processes and suggest shared mechanisms of cardiometabolic risk factors and brain disorders. This may form the foundation for a new type of prevention studies, and provides a framework for studies of underlying mechanisms related to unhealthy lifestyle and obesity, with implications for public health and prevention.Prior studies have indicated an association between brain structure and both obesity and fitness levels -of opposing directionality. Despite this, normal body-brain association patterns in healthy individuals have not been established, and the causal mechanisms are unclear. To enhance our understanding and establish the link between the body and the brain, we saw the need for large-scale investigations in healthy populations. For the study, we searched the PubMed database from March 12 th , 2019, through February 25 th , 2020, for scientific literature related to adipose tissue, body composition, brain morphology, and body and brain MRI. Search terms included: body fat, adipose tissue, subcutaneous/visceral adipose tissue, liver fat, body composition, anthropometric measures, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, adiposity, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, disease/diso...

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Are the neuroprotective effects of exercise training systemically mediated?

Cited by 84 publications

References 140 publications

Physical Exercise, Fitness, Cognitive Functioning, and Psychosocial Variables in an Adolescent Sample

Physical Exercise, Fitness, Cognitive Functioning, and Psychosocial Variables in an Adolescent Sample

Physical Fitness Level Is Related to Attention and Concentration in Adolescents

Population-based body-brain mapping links brain morphology and body composition

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