Are the Interactions between Oaks and Pre-Dispersal Seed Predators Retained in Urban Environments? An Analysis of Two Quercus Species in Southern Mexico City

Abstract

As urbanization proceeds, natural ecosystems surrounding cities are transformed, but usually some elements persist, notably trees from forest ecosystems. However, it is still unknown the extent to which isolated trees, immersed in an urban matrix, maintain their interactions with insects that feed on their seeds. In this work we analyzed pre-dispersal seed predation by the two main groups of insects, weevils (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) and moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), whose larvae feed on the acorns of two oak species (Quercus rugosa and Q. castanea). We compared these interactions between trees located in a protected forested area and trees isolated in an urban matrix. Our hypothesis was that, since pre-dispersal seed predation depends on insect dispersal, acorns from isolated trees would have lower predation levels than acorns from trees in the forest. A second hypothesis, based on reports that moths exhibit larger dispersal distances than weevils, was that isolated trees would have higher predation levels from moths than from weevils compared to their respective proportions in forest trees. Finally, we expected that moth predation would increase with seed size, as it does in weevils. We collected 1200 acorns of the two oak species (ten trees per species) in a protected oak forest and a nearby highway in southern Mexico City. From the whole sample, 17.3% of the acorns were predated by weevils and 3.8% by moths. The probability of predation was larger in acorns from trees in the forest (0.30) than in those from isolated trees (0.07), which confirmed the first hypothesis; tree species identity did not have a significant effect on the proportion of predated acorns. When only predated acorns were analyzed, predation by weevil larvae was larger than predation by moths in both oak species, although the probability of predation by weevils was higher in the oak species having large acorns (Q. rugosa, 0.93), than in the species with small acorns (Q. castanea, 0.63). Inversely, predation by moths was higher in Q. castanea (0.37) than in Q. rugosa (0.07). Seed predation decreased similarly for weevils and moths in isolated trees, so we failed to find support for our second hypothesis. A positive relationship between seed predation by weevils and seed size was found in Q. rugosa but not in Q. castanea; seed size did not affect predation by moth larvae. Therefore, although isolated trees in the urban matrix harbor smaller populations of pre-dispersal seed predators than forest trees, their interactions with the two main groups of insects feeding on acorns are maintained, which points to their importance for the conservation of urban biodiversity.

Living in an urban pod: Seed predation and parasitism of bruchid beetles in a native tree species

“…Within antagonistic interactions, studies on herbivory rates in cities have shown both increasing and decreasing herbivory with increasing urbanisation, while interactions in which natural enemies are involved were found to be most negatively affected by urbanisation (reviewed by Theodorou, 2022). Past work in urban habitats (e.g., Kozlov et al, 2017;Moreira et al, 2019;Valdés-Correcher et al, 2022) has investigated many types of insect herbivory-including leaf chewing, leaf mining, gall inducing and sap feeding-but seed predation has rarely been evaluated (but see Bode &Gilbert, 2016 andDíaz-Guzmán et al, 2022). In the same way, the parasitism rate of seed predators has not yet been studied in cities.…”