Are the fat more jolly?

Roberts, Robert E.; Strawbridge, William J.; Deleger, Stéphane; Kaplan, George A.

doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2403_02

Cited by 157 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…38 A recent study showed that depressed adolescents were at increased risk of obesity in a 1-year follow-up. 14 This study gives the assumption, similarly to Roberts et al, 15,17,18 that obesity predicts later depression. A thin and beautiful body is idealized among adolescents, especially among girls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Another recent study investigating the association between obesity and eight indicators of mental health using community residents 50 years and older showed that obese subjects were at increased risk for depression 5 years later. 18 Noppa and Hällström 19 followed a sample of middle-aged women for a 6-year period and found that women who were more severely depressed at baseline were at greater risk for weight gain. A positive correlation between abdominal obesity and depressive symptoms was previously observed in a study of 59 middle-aged men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To examine the association between body size and depression in a longitudinal setting and to explore the connection between obesity and depression in young adults at the age of 31 years. Design: This study forms part of the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study (N ¼ 12 058). The follow-up studies were performed at 14 and 31 years. Data were collected by postal inquiry at 14 years and by postal inquiry and clinical examination at 31 years. Subjects: A total of 8451 subjects (4029 men and 4422 women) who gave a written informed consent and information on depression by three depression indicators at 31 years. Measurements: Body size at 14 (body mass index (BMI) and 31 (BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) years and depression at 31 years by three different ways: depressive symptoms by the HSCL-25-depression questionnaire (HSCL-25), the use of antidepressants and self-reported physician-diagnosed depression. Results: Obesity at 14 years associated with depressive symptoms at 31 years; among male subjects using the cutoff point 2.01 in the HSCL-25 (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.97, 95% CI 1.06-3.68), among female subjects using the cutoff point 1.75 (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.32). Female subjects who were obese both at baseline and follow-up had depressive symptoms relatively commonly (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06-1.85 at cutoff point 1.75); a similar association was not found among male subjects. The proportion of those who used antidepressants was 2.17-fold higher among female subjects who had gained weight compared to female subjects who had stayed normal-weighted (adjusted OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.28-3.68). In the crosssectional analyses male subjects with abdominal obesity (WHR X85th percentile) had a 1.76-fold risk of depressive symptoms using the cutoff 2.01 in the HSCL-25 (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.08-2.88). Abdominally obese male subjects had a 2.07-fold risk for physician-diagnosed depression (adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.23-3.47) and the proportion of those who used antidepressants was 2.63-fold higher among obese male subjects than among male subjects without abdominal obesity (adjusted OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.33-5.21). Abdominal obesity did not associate with depression in female subjects. Conclusion: Obesity in adolescence may be associated with later depression in young adulthood, abdominal obesity among male subjects may be closely related to concomitant depression, and being overweight/obese both in adolescence and adulthood may be a risk for depression among female subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

et al. 2005

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“…There is some support, however, for a causal connection between obesity and depression and related indicators of mental distress after adjusting for known covariates implicated in depressive disorder. 17,38,39 Accordingly, we expected that obese women would be at greater odds of subsequent GAD and MDD compared to nonobese women independent of comparable covariates considered here. In addition, we expected that association to hold with the less severe cutpoint that included both overweight and obese women (BMI X25); however, we also assumed it would be weaker, suggesting a dose-response relationship.…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…[34][35][36][37] Moreover, others have employed measures of similar constructs to adjust associations between obesity and psychopathologic features for those putative risk factors. 17,38,39 Race also has been implicated in differential rates of depression among women; 40 thus, it too is examined. In addition, we investigate whether prospective associations between BMI and GAD or MDD are mediated by attained BMI more proximal to psychopathology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study

et al. 2007

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Objective: To evaluate prospective associations between elevations in body mass index (BMI) at average age 27 and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) at average age 59 in a community sample of women. Design: Three waves of data collected over three decades were drawn from mothers in the Children in the Community (CIC) Study. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate predictive effects of two BMI cutpoints (X30 and X25) on GAD and MDD independent of other risks for psychopathology. Measurements: Information about height and weight was obtained by self-report in face-to-face interviews. GAD and MDD were assessed by structured interview covering DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Other potential risk factors examined included age, race, education, prior depressive symptoms and marital status, chronic disease, social support and financial strain concurrent with GAD and MDD. Results: A baseline BMI X30 significantly increased the odds for subsequent GAD and MDD by 6.27 and 5.25 times, respectively, after adjusting for other significant risk factors. Odds of GAD also increased significantly given a baseline BMI X25 (by 2.44 times); however this association was not independent of other significant risk factors. Predictive associations between a baseline BMI X30 and MDD were not attenuated by attained BMI assessed at outcome. Conclusion: Findings extend existing evidence of the mental health consequences of obesity in a representative sample of mothers, and suggest that obesity may have long-term implications for mental distress in women at a clinical level over the adult years.

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“…Some cross-sectional studies have found a direct relationship between mood and obesity [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] whereas the association was not entirely confirmed or even rejected in other studies pointing to obesity as related to low levels of depression and anxiety. [37][38][39] Reasons as to why a depressed mood exerts such an apparently deleterious effect on obese subjects are not known so far.…”

Section: Obesity and Depression K-h Ladwig Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of depressed mood and obesity on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 obese men and women: results from the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998

et al. 2006

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Objective: To examine the contribution of depressed mood in obese subjects on the prediction of a future coronary heart disease event (CHD). Design: A prospective population-based cohort study of three independent cross-sectional surveys with 6239 subjects, 45-74 years of age and free of diagnosed CHD, stroke and cancer. During a mean follow-up of 7 years, 179 CHD events occurred among men and 50 events among women. Subjects: A total of 737 (23%) male and 773 (26%) female subjects suffering from obesity (BMI X30 kg/m 2 ). Measurements: Body weight determined by trained medical staff following a standardized protocol; standardized questionnaires to assess subsyndromal depressive mood and other psychosocial features. Results: The main effect of obesity to predict a future CHD (hazard ratio, HR ¼ 1.38, 95% CI 1.03-1.84; P ¼ 0.031) and the interaction term of obesity by depression (HR ¼ 1.73, 95% CI 0.98-3.05; P ¼ 0.060) were borderline significant, both covariate adjusted for multiple risk factors. Relative to the male subgroup with normal body weight and no depression, the male obese group with no depression was not at significantly increased risk for CHD events (HR ¼ 1.17, 95% CI 0.76-1.80; P ¼ 0.473) whereas CHD risk in males with both obesity and depressed mood was substantially increased (HR ¼ 2.32, 95% CI 1.45-3.72, P40.0001). The findings for women were similar, however, not significant probably owing to lack of power associated with low event rates. Combining obesity and depressed mood resulted in a relative risk to suffer from a future CHD event of HR 1.84 (95% CI 0.79-4.26; P ¼ 0.158). Conclusions: Depressed mood substantially amplifies the CHD risk of middle-aged obese, but otherwise apparently healthy men. The impact of depression on the obesity risk in women is less pronounced.

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Are the fat more jolly?

Cited by 157 publications

References 35 publications

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study

Synergistic effects of depressed mood and obesity on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 obese men and women: results from the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998

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