Are the assemblages of tree pollination modes being recovered by tropical forest restoration?

Abstract

Questions: Do the assemblages of pollination modes in restored (tree plantings) and secondary (naturally regenerated) forests change in comparison to primary forests, and how do these assemblages relate to species turnover at regional scale?Location: Southeast region of Brazil. Methods:We classified tree species found in a total of 40 forest sites (18 primary, 11 restored, 11 secondary) according to pollination mode, based on the literature. We calculated and compared functional dissimilarity distances, amounts of species and accumulated abundance of pollination modes, and functional indices of richness and evenness between forest types.Results: Functional dissimilarity distances were much smaller than species dissimilarity distances within forest types (mean <20%, >80%, respectively), indicating a small variation in pollination modes between sites. Functional indices of richness and evenness did not differ between forest types. However, significant changes were found in the species and abundance proportions of several pollination modes. Primary forests were characterized by the predominance of generalized insect-pollinated species, followed by secondary proportions of bee, wind and moth pollination; other pollination modes were underrepresented. In restored forests, reductions were found in generalized insect, moth, wind, fly, pollen-consuming insect and very-small insect pollination, whereas the species pollinated by bees and bats more than doubled. Smaller changes were found among secondary forests, including reductions in moth, fly and fig-wasp pollination, whereas there were incremental changes in bee, beetle, big animal and small insect pollination. Conclusions:Our results indicate a rather stable assemblage of pollination modes and also high ecological redundancy among trees regardless of the species replacement at the regional scale. Major changes among restored forests are probably in response to larger disturbance effects and/or restoration practices conducted in these sites. In contrast, smaller changes among secondary forests could be in response to smaller disturbance effects and natural selection processes, and also seem to suggest that highly resilient degraded areas are more likely to recuperate their functional diversity through natural regeneration alone. In both cases, however, efforts to recover such Nomenclature: Carvalho et al. (2010) | 157

Sexual systems of Tropical Dry Forest trees in restored habitats

“…Restoration plantings are established with different composition. Selection of tree species may be based on growth rates (Lugo 1997, Butler et al 2008, attraction of frugivorous animals (de la Peña-Domene et al 2013, 2014 or availability of species at nurseries (Montoya-Pfeiffer et al 2018). In this study, criteria to select species for plantings immersed in agricultural landscapes included availability of seeds, use of the species by local people and provision of food to animals: eight tree species with fleshy fruits that attract frugivorous animals were chosen (Martínez-Garza et al 2016); relevant to this discussion, in a study of the flora of Puerto Rico (Flores & Schemske 1984) and in Chamela.…”

Ecologia funcional como ferramenta para planejar e monitorar a restauração ecológica de ecossistemas

“…Suganuma et al 2014, Rosenfield & Müller 2019, enquanto atributos fenológicos e reprodutivos em geral são avaliados para inferir sobre a recuperação de outros níveis tróficos, essenciais ao funcionamento ecossistêmico (ex. Garcia et al 2014, Montoya-Pfeiffer et al 2018. Cabe salientar ainda que monitoramentos com base em atributos e/ou grupos funcionais, associados a padrões observados em ecossistemas de referência, permitem aprimorar técnicas de restauração e o planejamento de novos projetos, uma vez que os dados complementam o arcabouço teórico associado à restauração ecológica.…”

Bee pollinator functional responses and functional effects in restored tropical forests

“…, Ghazoul , Montoya‐Pfeiffer et al. ). We then created interaction networks between functional groups of bees and plants, with the aim of (1) establishing whether network structure differs between different habitat types and in response to source habitat isolation, and (2) whether stronger links (i.e., modules) between certain functional groups of bees and plants exist.…”

“…Second, we assessed the effect of the bee community on pollen transportation by identifying the pollen grains on the bodies of bees and analyzing changes in the frequency of pollen from plants with different functional traits that are considered relevant to restoration ecology and pollination (i.e., habit, geographic origin, successional class, and pollination mode). We expected that old successional, native, and woody plants would be more affected by losses of bee functional diversity given their correlation with specialized modes of bee pollination (Chazdon et al 2003, Ghazoul 2006, Montoya-Pfeiffer et al 2018. We then created interaction networks between functional groups of bees and plants, with the aim of (1) establishing whether network structure differs between different habitat types and in response to source habitat isolation, and (2) whether stronger links (i.e., modules) between certain functional groups of bees and plants exist.…”