Are Textile Formaldehyde Regulations Reasonable? Experiences from the Finnish Textile and Clothing Industries

Priha, Eero

doi:10.1006/rtph.1995.0006

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The current standard methods for determining formaldehyde in textiles are the AATCC‐112 method (USA), the Japanese Law 112 method, and the EN ISO 14184‐1 or 14184‐2 method (41, 47). The values recorded with the AATCC‐112 method are (as a mean) 4.4 times higher than the Japanese Law 112 method (34). Above 30 p.p.m., the vapour absorption method (EN ISO 14184‐2, which is actually meant for estimating inhalation of formaldehyde and not dermal exposure) gives frequently higher results than the water extraction method (EN ISO 14184‐1) (40).…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Some countries have legally limited the formaldehyde content of textile products to reduce the risk of contact dermatitis and other adverse effects among their populations. Japan was the first in 1973 (which led to a sharp decrease in the prevalence of sensitization to formaldehyde in the years thereafter) (33) followed by Finland (34). Other countries with legal limitations include China, Norway, France, Japan, and the Netherlands (35, 36).…”

Section: Chemistry Legislation and Amount Of Formaldehyde In Clothesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes. Part 1

Groot

Coz²,

Lensen

et al. 2010

Contact Dermatitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This is one of a series of review articles on formaldehyde-releasers and their relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy and in this paper formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles are discussed. The literature on allergy to DPCF since 1980 is presented in two parts. Part 1 (this article) presents a short historical overview of the problems with formaldehyde in clothes and discusses the chemistry of durable press chemical finishes, legislation in various countries, and studies on the amount of formaldehyde present in clothes. In addition, the DPCF that have caused contact allergy are presented with CAS, synonyms, molecular formula, chemical structure, applications, and patch test studies. In the forthcoming part 2, the frequency of sensitization to DPCF, occupational contact sensitization, relevance of patch test reactions, and relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy will be reviewed, followed by a discussion of both parts of the article together.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Chemistry Legislation and Amount Of Formaldehyde In Clothesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes. Part 1

Groot

Coz²,

Lensen

et al. 2010

Contact Dermatitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Six were diagnosed as suffering from allergic contact dermatitis to DPCF on the basis of a positive patch test to formaldehyde or a DPCF (24). Between 1975 and 1993, the average annual incidence of formaldehyde‐related occupational contact dermatitis in the Finnish Textile and Clothing industries was 0.66/10000 (25). In the US case series of Fowler et al (7) there were four cases of occupational contact dermatitis (two garment workers, one printer and one chemical worker) among 16 patients sensitized to DPCF.…”

Section: Occupational Contact Allergy To Durable Press Chemical Finishesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes

Groot

Coz²,

Lensen

et al. 2010

Contact Dermatitis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This is the second part of a review article on formaldehyde-releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles. The early finishes contained large amounts of free formaldehyde, which led to many cases of allergic contact dermatitis to clothes in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, most finishes are based on modified dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, which releases less formaldehyde. Nevertheless, recent studies in the United States and Israel have identified patients reacting to DPCF, considered to have allergic contact reactions to clothes, either from formaldehyde released by the DPCF therein or from the DPCF per se (in patients negative to formaldehyde). However, all studies had some weaknesses in design or interpretation and in not a single case has the clinical relevance been proven. The amount of free formaldehyde in most garments will likely be below the threshold for the elicitation of dermatitis for all but the most sensitive patients. The amount of free cyclized urea DPCF in clothes is unlikely to be high enough to cause sensitization. Patch test reactions to formaldehyde-releasing DPCF will in most cases represent a reaction to formaldehyde released from the test material.

show abstract

“…[2] Textiles are often finished with formaldehyde-containing chemicals, which can provide crease resistance, flame retardance, and dimensional stability. [3,4] Its contact directly with human skin may cause an irritant effect on the mucous membrane. If inhaled, emitted formaldehyde may cause inflammation of the respiratory tract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If inhaled, emitted formaldehyde may cause inflammation of the respiratory tract. [3,4] A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of formaldehyde in textile samples at low levels is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Formaldehyde in Textiles

Kanwal

et al. 2010

Spectroscopy Letters

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the multitude of experiments on determination of formaldehyde, no experiment has made any attempt to determine the exact amount of formaldehyde in textile materials by flow-injection chemiluminescence. In this article, flow-injection chemiluminescence analysis is used effectively for the selective determination of formaldehyde in textiles. The reaction is based upon the modified Trautz-Shorigin reaction, in which formaldehyde and gallic acid are oxidized with aqueous alkaline hydrogen peroxide, producing relatively strong chemiluminescence. The effects of reagent concentrations, temperature, pH, flow rates, mixing coil length, and flow sequences on the chemiluminescence intensity were studied. Under the optimized experimental conditions, formaldehyde in an aqueous solution was determined over the concentration range from 0.20-1.0 Â 10 À7 M with a linear calibration graph; the detection limit (LOD; S=N ¼ 3) was 5 Â 10 À8 M. The relative standard deviation of 12 replicate measurements of 2 Â 10 À5 M formaldehyde was 1.1%. This flow-injection analysis system proved able to analyze up to 50 samples=h. The effects of various interferences possibly present in the textile samples were investigated. Most cations and anions, as well as organic compounds, do not interfere with the determination of formaldehyde in textile samples. The proposed method is very simple, rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and can be applied to a variety of textile samples at low concentration levels without any enrichment treatment. This method was applied to the determination of formaldehyde in different textile samples and compared with the state standard method used in China.

show abstract

Are Textile Formaldehyde Regulations Reasonable? Experiences from the Finnish Textile and Clothing Industries

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes. Part 1

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes. Part 1

Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Part 2. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes

A Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Formaldehyde in Textiles

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About