“…This may have been induced by water policy strategies and local experience of cultivation in a drier climate, motivating farmers to save groundwater for future dry years. This confirms that, even if groundwater storage is less, the adaptability of farmers to adjust their cropping patterns to borewell yields and climate plays an important role in facing successive drought periods (Aulong et al, ; Fishman, Siegfried, Raj, Modi, & Lall, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 54%
“…The mean annual temperature is 26 °C, but in summer (March to May), it can reach 45 °C. The area is rural and populated by about 303,000 inhabitants (Aulong et al, ; Indian Census, ).…”
International audience13 An innovative approach for regionalizing the 3-D effective-porosity field is presented and 14 applied to two large, overexploited and deeply weathered crystalline aquifers located in 15 southern India. The method derives from earlier work on regionalizing a 2-D effective-16 porosity field in that part of an aquifer where the water table fluctuates, which is now 17 extended over the entire aquifer using a 3-D approach. A method based on geological and 18 geophysical surveys has also been developed for mapping the weathering profile layers 19 (saprolite and fractured layers). The method for regionalizing 3-D effective porosity 20 combines: water-table fluctuation and groundwater budget techniques at various cell sizes 21 with the use of satellite based data (for groundwater abstraction), the structure of the 22 weathering profile and geostatistical techniques. The approach is presented in detail for the 23 Kudaliar watershed (983 km 2), and tested on the 730 km 2 Anantapur watershed. At watershed 24 scale, the effective porosity of the aquifer ranges from 0.5% to 2% in Kudaliar and between 25 0.3% and 1% in Anantapur, which agrees with earlier works. Results show that: i) depending 26 on the geology and on the structure of the weathering profile, the vertical distribution of 27 effective porosity can be very different, and that the fractured layers in crystalline aquifers are 28 not necessarily characterized by a rapid decrease in effective porosity; and ii) that the lateral 29 variations in effective porosity can be larger than the vertical ones. These variations suggest 30 that within a same weathering profile the density of open fractures and/or degree of 31 weathering in the fractured zone may significantly varies from a place to another. 32 The proposed method provides information on the spatial distribution of effective porosity 33 which is of prime interest in terms of flux and contaminant transport in crystalline aquifers. 34 Implications for mapping groundwater storage and scarcity are also discussed, which should 35 help in improving groundwater resource management strategies. 36 3
“…This may have been induced by water policy strategies and local experience of cultivation in a drier climate, motivating farmers to save groundwater for future dry years. This confirms that, even if groundwater storage is less, the adaptability of farmers to adjust their cropping patterns to borewell yields and climate plays an important role in facing successive drought periods (Aulong et al, ; Fishman, Siegfried, Raj, Modi, & Lall, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 54%
“…The mean annual temperature is 26 °C, but in summer (March to May), it can reach 45 °C. The area is rural and populated by about 303,000 inhabitants (Aulong et al, ; Indian Census, ).…”
International audience13 An innovative approach for regionalizing the 3-D effective-porosity field is presented and 14 applied to two large, overexploited and deeply weathered crystalline aquifers located in 15 southern India. The method derives from earlier work on regionalizing a 2-D effective-16 porosity field in that part of an aquifer where the water table fluctuates, which is now 17 extended over the entire aquifer using a 3-D approach. A method based on geological and 18 geophysical surveys has also been developed for mapping the weathering profile layers 19 (saprolite and fractured layers). The method for regionalizing 3-D effective porosity 20 combines: water-table fluctuation and groundwater budget techniques at various cell sizes 21 with the use of satellite based data (for groundwater abstraction), the structure of the 22 weathering profile and geostatistical techniques. The approach is presented in detail for the 23 Kudaliar watershed (983 km 2), and tested on the 730 km 2 Anantapur watershed. At watershed 24 scale, the effective porosity of the aquifer ranges from 0.5% to 2% in Kudaliar and between 25 0.3% and 1% in Anantapur, which agrees with earlier works. Results show that: i) depending 26 on the geology and on the structure of the weathering profile, the vertical distribution of 27 effective porosity can be very different, and that the fractured layers in crystalline aquifers are 28 not necessarily characterized by a rapid decrease in effective porosity; and ii) that the lateral 29 variations in effective porosity can be larger than the vertical ones. These variations suggest 30 that within a same weathering profile the density of open fractures and/or degree of 31 weathering in the fractured zone may significantly varies from a place to another. 32 The proposed method provides information on the spatial distribution of effective porosity 33 which is of prime interest in terms of flux and contaminant transport in crystalline aquifers. 34 Implications for mapping groundwater storage and scarcity are also discussed, which should 35 help in improving groundwater resource management strategies. 36 3
“…Long term monitoring should be developed as well as methodologies to build reliable long term budgets. Those percolation tanks may also increase water abstraction at the watershed scale since the farmers adapt their crop to the water availability in crystalline rock aquifers (Fishman et al 2011;Aulong et al 2012). …”
“…Agricultural land and livestock are important components of a rural household's adaptive capacity (Aulong et al 2012 ) and represent an accumulation of wealth (Vincent 2007 ). The farm size and number of livestock owned by a household are attributes of a household's farm assets.…”
Section: Research Methodology and Methodsmentioning
The impacts of future climate change could be signifi cantly reduced if people were better able to cope with present climate risks. The role of human mobility, particularly labor migration and remittances, has received little attention in the adaptation policies in Nepal. Instead, migration is perceived as a challenge to development and adaptation goals. This is partly due to the lack of empirical evidence on the relationship between migration, environmental stressors, and CCA. This chapter examines the role of remittances in building farm assets such as farm size, livestock, irrigation, and farm mechanization, which are an important component of a rural household's adaptive capacity. Circular migration in search of employment and higher earnings has for long been a defi ning feature of the livelihoods of many households in the Sagarmatha Transect of Koshi sub-basin of Nepal. Remittances are an important component of recipient household income. A major share of remittances is spent on food, healthcare, loan repayment, education, and consumer goods. There is little investment of remittances in measures pertaining to disaster preparedness (e.g. insurance). Common household responses during fl oods and the immediate aftermath are reactive and short-term in nature, and those between two fl ood events include some low-cost structural measures.
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