Are snacking patterns associated with risk of overweight among Kahnawake schoolchildren?

Mercille, Geneviève; Receveur, Olivier; Macaulay, Ann C.

doi:10.1017/s1368980009990711

Cited by 23 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In fact, our data showed that for all years examined, either grain-based desserts or salty snacks were the number one source of sodium intake from snacking (Supplementary Table S3). Our findings are also supported by research from other countries which has shown, not only that the foods consumed as snacks are generally from less healthy food groups [23], but that disparities exist between various race-ethnic and education groups [24,25,26,27]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Emerging Disparities in Dietary Sodium Intake from Snacking in the US Population

2017

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Background: The US population consumes dietary sodium well in excess of recommended levels. It is unknown how the contribution of snack foods to sodium intake has changed over time, and whether disparities exist within specific subgroups of the US population. Objective: To examine short and long term trends in the contribution of snack food sources to dietary sodium intake for US adults and children over a 37-year period from 1977 to 2014. Methods: We used data collected from eight nationally representative surveys of food intake in 50,052 US children aged 2–18 years, and 73,179 adults aged 19+ years between 1977 and 2014. Overall, patterns of snack food consumption, trends in sodium intake from snack food sources and trends in food and beverage sources of sodium from snack foods across race-ethnic, age, gender, body mass index, household education and income groups were examined. Results: In all socio-demographic subgroups there was a significant increase in both per capita sodium intake, and the proportion of sodium intake derived from snacks from 1977–1978 to 2011–2014 (p < 0.01). Those with the lowest household education, Non-Hispanic Black race-ethnicity, and the lowest income had the largest increase in sodium intake from snacks. While in 1977–1978 Non-Hispanic Blacks had a lower sodium intake from snacks compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (p < 0.01), in 2011–2014 they had a significantly higher intake. Conclusions: Important disparities are emerging in dietary sodium intake from snack sources in Non-Hispanic Blacks. Our findings have implications for future policy interventions targeting specific US population subgroups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Emerging Disparities in Dietary Sodium Intake from Snacking in the US Population

2017

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“…[14][15][16][17][18][24][25][26][27][28] The majority of studies that investigated whether there is a relationship between snacking behavior and weight status either found no association 19,33,[41][42][43]45,46,48,49,[52][53][54]59 or found evidence indicating that young people who more often consumed food or beverages between meals were less likely to be obese. 21,30,32,34,37,38,55,57 However, a smaller number of studies found evidence indicating the frequency of snacking, percentage of energy consumed at snacks, or greater consumption of energy-dense snack foods was associated with increased risk for obesity among some groups, 31,35,36,44,47,50,51,56,58 and two studies found that more frequent snacking in front of the television was associated with higher BMI. 39,40 Additional research is needed to address various methodological limitations and knowledge gaps so that the relationship between snacking behaviors and weight status may be elucidated and the design of nutrition interventions better informed to promote the consumption of healthfu...…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Snacking Patterns among Children and Adolescents: What Are the Implications of Snacking for Weight Status?

2013

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Given the growing contribution of snacks to dietary intake and the need for effective strategies to reduce obesity, it is important to consider whether snacking behaviors contribute to high BMI in childhood. This review summarizes US research that has addressed trends in snacking behavior and its contribution to dietary intake, as well as research describing snack food availability in settings where youth spend their time. In addition, it comprehensively reviews studies conducted in the United States and internationally that have examined associations of snacking behavior with weight. Research published between January, 2000, and December, 2011, was identified by searching PubMed and MEDLINE databases, and by examining bibliographies of relevant studies. Recent analyses of trends in dietary intake have shown there were significant increases in the contribution of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods to snacking kilocalories over the past few decades. Although snacks can contribute to intake of key nutrients, frequent snacking has been associated with higher intake of total energy and energy from added and total sugars. Assessments in schools and retail stores have further indicated that energy-dense, nutrient-poor snacks are widely available in settings where youth spend their time. The majority of studies either found no evidence of a relationship between snacking behavior and weight status or found evidence indicating that young people who consumed more snacks were less likely to be obese; however, additional research is needed to address various methodological limitations. Recommendations for future research are provided to address knowledge gaps and inform the development of interventions.

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“…We noted that the definition of snacking varied across studies, which might contribute to the incongruence of study findings. Some studies defined snacking in terms of frequency of consumption (31)(32)(33)(34)(35) , while others treated the variable as the sum of total daily servings of snack food items (8,9) . Additionally, because the quality of Table 3 Mean annual change in indicators of adiposity according to soda intake*: children (n 961) aged 5-12 years, Bogotá , Colombia *Estimated mean values with their standard errors and unadjusted differences are from mixed-effects linear regression models with the adiposity measure as the outcome and predictors that included indicator variables for soda intake categories, age in decimal years, and soda intake categories 3 age interaction terms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern and soda intake are related to the development of adiposity: a prospective study in school-age children

Shroff

Perng

Baylin

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Snacking has been related to increased prevalence of overweight among school-age children in cross-sectional studies. It is uncertain, however, whether snacking influences the development of adiposity over time. Design: We examined whether adherence to a snacking dietary pattern was associated with greater increases in children's BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference over a median 2?5-year follow-up. Dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis of an FFQ administered at recruitment in 2006. Anthropometric follow-up was conducted annually. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate rates of change in each indicator according to quartiles of adherence to the snacking pattern. We also examined change in BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference in relation to intake of the food items in the snacking pattern. Subjects: Children (n 961) 5-12 years of age. Setting: Public schools in Bogotá, Colombia. Results: After adjustment for age, sex, total energy intake and socio-economic status, children in the highest quartile of adherence to the snacking pattern had a 0?09 kg/m 2 per year higher BMI gain than children in the lowest quartile (P trend 5 0?05). A similar association was observed for mean change in subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio (highest v. lowest quartile difference 5 0?012/year; P 5 0?03). Of the food items in the snacking pattern, soda intake was positively and significantly associated with change in BMI (P trend 5 0?01) and waist circumference (P trend 5 0?04) in multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Our results indicate that snacking and soda intake are associated with development of adiposity in school-age children.

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Are snacking patterns associated with risk of overweight among Kahnawake schoolchildren?

Cited by 23 publications

References 33 publications

Emerging Disparities in Dietary Sodium Intake from Snacking in the US Population

Emerging Disparities in Dietary Sodium Intake from Snacking in the US Population

A Review of Snacking Patterns among Children and Adolescents: What Are the Implications of Snacking for Weight Status?

Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern and soda intake are related to the development of adiposity: a prospective study in school-age children

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