Are sample size and sample preparation for mycotoxin quantitation in grain products getting trivialized?

Kumphanda, Joseph; Matumba, Limbikani; Monjerezi, Maurice; Whitaker, T. B.; Saeger, Sarah De; Makun, Hussaini Anthony

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108400

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Research on this topic continues to evolve; however, sampling and sampling procedure are not the topic of this paper. For those who are interested, several papers are available for further and recent information [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Regarding sampling, recent publications on sampling techniques for grain dust and for pooling samples for mycotoxin screening could have a huge impact for the feed industry [ 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Mycotoxin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

Cheli

Ottoboni

Fumagalli

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Mycotoxin risk in the feed supply chain poses a concern to animal and human health, economy, and international trade of agri-food commodities. Mycotoxin contamination in feed and food is unavoidable and unpredictable. Therefore, monitoring and control are the critical points. Effective and rapid methods for mycotoxin detection, at the levels set by the regulations, are needed for an efficient mycotoxin management. This review provides an overview of the use of the electronic nose (e-nose) as an effective tool for rapid mycotoxin detection and management of the mycotoxin risk at feed business level. E-nose has a high discrimination accuracy between non-contaminated and single-mycotoxin-contaminated grain. However, the predictive accuracy of e-nose is still limited and unsuitable for in-field application, where mycotoxin co-contamination occurs. Further research needs to be focused on the sensor materials, data analysis, pattern recognition systems, and a better understanding of the needs of the feed industry for a safety and quality management of the feed supply chain. A universal e-nose for mycotoxin detection is not realistic; a unique e-nose must be designed for each specific application. Robust and suitable e-nose method and advancements in signal processing algorithms must be validated for specific needs.

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Section: Mycotoxin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

Cheli

Ottoboni

Fumagalli

et al. 2023

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Research on sampling and sample processing published over the past year include characterisation of mycotoxin distributions among maize kernels (Chavez et al, 2022) and within fields (Yi et al, 2021), an enhanced analysis of existing data sets on mycotoxin spatial distribution in bulk volumes (Kerry et al, 2021), and descriptions of sampling techniques for blood (Vidal et al, 2021), grain dust (Limay-Rios and Schaafsma, 2021), and for pooling samples for mycotoxin screening (Cheng et al, 2020). A very welcome retrospective analysis was also published on the disappointing decrease in researchers' consideration of proper sampling and processing of maize (Kumphanda et al, 2021). Kumphanda et al (2021) reviewed papers on the analysis of mycotoxins in maize published in 1991 through 2020.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A very welcome retrospective analysis was also published on the disappointing decrease in researchers' consideration of proper sampling and processing of maize (Kumphanda et al, 2021). Kumphanda et al (2021) reviewed papers on the analysis of mycotoxins in maize published in 1991 through 2020. In particular, they focused on the laboratory sample mass (amount of maize comminuted) and test portion mass (amount of ground maize extracted).…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2020-2021

Tittlemier¹,

Cramer

Dall’Asta

et al. 2022

WMJ

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This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2020 to mid-2021 on the analysis of a number of diverse matrices for mycotoxins. Notable developments in all aspects of mycotoxin analysis, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. The summary and discussion of this past year’s developments in detection and quantitation technology covers chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This critical review aims to briefly present the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination, as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.

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“…Each stage of the AF-testing procedure has an associated uncertainty; therefore, it is impossible to quantify the levels of AFs present in corn with 100% accuracy [2]. Furthermore, the sampling step is the most crucial step, as this is the largest contributor to error and variability [46]. To minimize variation and sampling errors and achieve a representative sample, three crucial components of the sampling procedure are highlighted within this review: the frequency and size of incremental samples in relation to the lot size, and the methods used to obtain the selected samples.…”

Section: Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Current Methods for Sampling of Aflatoxins in Corn and to Generate a Best Practice Framework

Donnelly

Elliott

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Aflatoxin contamination in corn is a significant issue, posing substantial health threats to humans and animals. Aflatoxin testing protects consumer health, ensures the safe global trade of corn, and verifies compliance with legislation; however, effective sampling procedures are essential to ensure reliable results. While many sampling procedures exist, there is no evidence to indicate which is the best approach to ensure accurate detection. Using scientific and gray literature sources, this review analyzed sampling procedures to determine an optimum approach to guide the development of standard practices. Results revealed that sampling is the major source of error in the accurate assessment of aflatoxin levels in food and crucial for obtaining reliable results. To guarantee low variability and sample bias-increased sample size and sampling frequency, the use of automatic dynamic sampling techniques, adequate storage, and homogenization of aggregate samples for analysis are advised to ensure a representative sample. However, there is a lack of evidence to support this or indicate the current utilization of the reviewed procedures. Inadequate data prevented the recommendation of sample sizes or frequency for optimum practice, and thus, further research is required. There is an urgent need to make sampling procedures fit-for-purpose to obtain accurate and reliable aflatoxin measurements.

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Are sample size and sample preparation for mycotoxin quantitation in grain products getting trivialized?

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2020-2021

Understanding Current Methods for Sampling of Aflatoxins in Corn and to Generate a Best Practice Framework

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