Are Pulp and Paper Mills Sources of Toxaphene to Lake Superior and Northern Lake Michigan?

Shanks, Kathryn E.; McDonald, Jeffrey G.; Hites, Ronald A.

doi:10.1016/s0380-1330(99)70747-1

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…There is a general progression to higher proportions for the hexa-homologue at the expense of the higher chlorinated ones as samples progress from the air through water to sediments. The ratios for Hercules technical toxaphene 0.2: 1.0:2.3:0.6 (35) and the Accustandard 0.4:1.0:2.3:1.3 (32) resemble our standard 0.2:1.0:1.6:0.7.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Toxaphene Deposition to Lake Ontario via Precipitation, 1994−1998

Burniston

Strachan

Wilkinson

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Precipitation samples collected continuously at Point Petre on Lake Ontario from November 1994 through December 1998 were analyzed for total toxaphene (=sum of hexa-, hepta-, octa-, and nonachloro bornanes) and chlorobornane congeners (1997-98 only). Composite triplicate samples were collected during 4-week intervals throughoutthe 4-year study using heated wet-only samplers. These results represent the first detailed data for toxaphene in Great Lakes precipitation. Seasonal volume-weighted mean concentrations for total toxaphene in precipitation ranged from 0.25 to 1.5 ng/L. Highest concentrations were found during the four spring (March-May) periods at roughly twice the annual means. The pattern for hexathrough nona-homologues over the 4 years did not vary appreciably with average ratios (relative to hepta-) of 0.08: 1.0:1.3:0.2. The volume-weighted mean concentrations for individual chlorobornane congeners were consistent in their season pattern with maximums seen in the spring. The major chlorobornane in precipitation, B8-2229 (Parlar 44), which was present at concentrations ranging from 0.016 to 0.079 ng/L, constituted 28 and 29% of the congener sum for 1997 and 1998, respectively. Lakewide loadings of toxaphene for Lake Ontario via precipitation were estimated to be 12, 17, 12, and 13 kg/year for 1995-1998, respectively. Previous toxaphene loading estimates were calculated for the individual Great Lakes on the basis of the only concentration data available, a single precipitation estimate of 0.2 ng/L from early work in northwestern Ontario. The loading estimates in this study indicate that precipitation inputs of toxaphene are 3-4 times higher than previously reported for Lake Ontario. The 1998 estimates of Lake Ontario wet deposition flux are 50% of the estimated gas deposition flux. However, wet flux values from this study exceed the net gas-phase mass transfer of toxaphene across the air-water interface.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Toxaphene Deposition to Lake Ontario via Precipitation, 1994−1998

Burniston

Strachan

Wilkinson

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Results showed that toxaphene started appearing in about 1945 and maximized in about 1973. 386 Two other papers on toxaphene studied potential sources of the pesticide in Lake Superior and Northern Lake Michigan 387 and reported the development of an automated toxaphene quantitation program. 388 Swackhamer et al measured toxaphene in water, sediments, and biota of the Great Lakes.…”

Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other GC/MS studies focused on a specific class of pesticide. GC/MS and GC/MS/MS studies included triazine herbicides, − toxaphene, − acidic and neutral pesticides, − chlorotriazine herbicides, , thiourea pesticides, , biocides used in antifouling paints (Irgarol, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and diuron), nitrogen/phosphorus pesticides, pyrethroid moth proofing agents, mecoprop, thiazopyr, and dinocap . One of these methods utilized IC for preconcentration, which provided enrichment factors of 4000 for triazine herbicides .…”

Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%