Are potential sources for human exposure to bisphenol-A overlooked?

Geens, Tinne; Goeyens, Léo; Covaci, Adrian

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.04.005

Cited by 285 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In addition, oral ingestion of BPA is not the only route of exposure; other routes of exposure include air, dust, and dermal exposure via thermal paper (ie, cash receipts). 57 Parental BMI is correlated to child BMI and could be considered as an important covariate in future studies; however, parental size data were not available for the NHANES waves in this analysis. Finally, we were unable to account for the effects of puberty due to the lack of Tanner staging data in NHANES.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in US Children

Eng¹,

Lee²,

Gebremariam³

et al. 2013

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known endocrine disruptor found in many products with which children come into contact. Although BPA in adults is associated with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, little is known about its effects in children. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study found that higher BPA levels are associated with obesity and abnormal waist circumferenceto-height ratio in children. abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between urinary bisphenol A (BPA) levels and measures of adiposity and chronic disease risk factors for a nationally representative US pediatric sample. METHODS:We used the NHANES 2003-2010 to evaluate cross-sectional associations between urinary BPA and multiple measures of adiposity, cholesterol, insulin, and glucose for children aged 6 to 18 years, adjusting for relevant covariates (eg, demographics, urine creatinine, tobacco exposure, and soda consumption). RESULTS:We found a higher odds of obesity (BMI $95th percentile) with increasing quartiles of BPA for quartiles 2 vs 1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-2.60, P = .008), 3 vs 1 (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.09-2.47, P = .02), and 4 vs 1 (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.36-2.98, P = .001). We also found a higher odds of having an abnormal waist circumference-to-height ratio (quartiles 2 vs 1 [OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.98-1.93, P = .07], 3 vs 1 [OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07-1.87, P = .02], and 4 vs 1 [OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.12-2.15, P = .01]). We did not find significant associations of BPA with any other chronic disease risk factors.CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of urinary BPA were associated with a higher odds of obesity (BMI .95%) and abnormal waist circumference-to-height ratio. Longitudinal analyses are needed to elucidate temporal relationships between BPA exposure and the development of obesity and chronic disease risk factors in children. Pediatrics 2013;132:e637-e645 AUTHORS:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in US Children

Eng¹,

Lee²,

Gebremariam³

et al. 2013

Pediatrics

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“…While current data indicate that other known sources of exposure likely contribute only minimally to exposure levels (59,73,87,88) , diet has long been assumed to be the primary source of BPA exposure in the general population and this may have led to limited investigation of other potential dietary and non-dietary sources of exposure. BPA is also used in cigarette filters, but smokers were excluded from the present study (59,87,112) . A recent study observed associations between personal care product usage, such a mouthwash, and higher urinary BPA levels (113,114) , which is consistent with recent evidence suggesting BPA can be absorbed sublingually (115) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…While some studies indicate that diet accounts for more than 90 % of potential BPA exposure in the environment of the general population (50,73) , other studies have found that diet explains a significantly lower proportion of urinary BPA levels (44,47,48,108) . Intervention studies have demonstrated the ability to lower, but not eliminate BPA exposure among study participants (50,59,71,109) . In the current study, only recent canned food intake, as (a) urinary BPA levels compared with reported canned food intake on the BEAM (r = 0·19, P = 0·14); (b) urinary BPA levels compared with reported canned food intake on 24 h food records (r = 0·35, P = 0·004); (c) urinary BPA levels compared with BEAM score (r = 0·26, P = 0·03); (d) urinary BPA levels compared with food record score (r = 0·32, P = 0·008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure

Nomura

Harnack

Robien

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To develop a BPA Exposure Assessment Module (BEAM) for use in large observational studies and to evaluate the ability of the BEAM to estimate bisphenol A (BPA) exposure levels. Design: The BEAM was designed by modifying an FFQ with questions targeting known sources of BPA exposure. Frequency of intake of known dietary sources of BPA was assessed using the BEAM and three 24 h food records as a reference diet measurement tool. Urinary BPA (uBPA) levels were measured as the criterion tool in a pooled urine sample (nine spot samples per participant). Spearman correlations, linear regression and weighted kappa analysis were used to evaluate the ability of the BEAM and food records to estimate BPA exposure levels. Setting: Minneapolis/Saint Paul, MN, USA. Subjects: Sixty-eight healthy adult (20-59 years) volunteers. Results: Dietary BPA intake assessed by the BEAM was not associated with uBPA levels and was unable to predict participants' rank by uBPA levels. BEAM models with all a priori predictors explained 25 % of the variability in uBPA levels. Canned food intake assessed by food records was associated with uBPA levels, but was unable to rank participants by uBPA levels. Multivariable-adjusted food record models with a priori predictors explained 41 % of the variability in uBPA levels. Conclusions: Known dietary sources of BPA exposure explained less than half the variability in uBPA levels, regardless of diet assessment method. Findings suggest that a questionnaire approach may be insufficient for ranking BPA exposure level and additional important sources of BPA exposure likely exist.Bisphenol A (BPA), used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide (1,2) and production is predicted to reach more than 4·09 Mt (9 billion lb) by 2020 (3) . Biomonitoring data indicate widespread, chronic low-level exposure to BPA (2,(4)(5)(6) . Animal and in vitro data indicate exposure adversely affects health, but limited and conflicting human epidemiological data is often cited as a barrier for risk assessment by regulatory agencies (7)(8)(9) . While recent epidemiological data suggest that BPA may be associated with alterations in sex and thyroid hormone levels (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) , infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (19)(20)(21) , obesity (18,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) , pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes (23,(30)(31)(32) and CVD (23,31,(33)(34)(35) , most are crosssectional analyses with important limitations, such as lack of long-term exposure data which are more relevant for chronic disease risk (36) . Diet has been considered the primary source of BPA exposure (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) and previous studies support diet as the major route of human BPA exposure (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50) . The use of polycarbonate plastics in the production of food and beverage storage containers has been largely phased out in the USA. However, BPA is still used in epoxy resin linings of metal cans and lids (1,2,6,51...

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“…BPA is leached into food substances under various circumstances via elevated temperature, longer storage or shelf-life, acidic pH, high pressure, etc. [3][4][5][6][7] . The repeated use of containers is also attributed to the high migration of this compound 8 .…”

Section: Need For Regulatory Policies In India On the Use Of Bisphenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Need for Regulatory Policies in India, on the Use of Bisphenol a in Food Contact Plastic Containers

Mahamuni¹,

N.D.Shrinithivihahshini²

2017

Current Science

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Keywords: BPA policy, endocrine disruptor, low-dose effects, toxicity, tolerable daily intake.ENDOCRINE disorders like infertility, obesity, thyroid disorders, male and female reproductive abnormalities have been increasing in the recent past. These disorders have been identified as significant public health burdens affecting more than 5% of the US population. Disorders like diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis, osteopenia, erectile dysfunction in male and thyroiditis are found to be more prevalent among the US population 1 . A five-fold increase of endocrine disorders like infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid, amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, menopause and hormonal contraception in Indian women was reported 2 . Besides other causes, exposure to synthetic chemicals like agrochemicals, industrial chemicals including solvents, plastics and plasticizers is one of the reasons for such endocrine disruptions 3 . These chemical compounds potentially disrupt hormonal functions and are collectively called as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). These chemicals enter human body through oral ingestion, respiratory and/or dermal exposure. Through different mechanisms, EDCs bind to the hormonal receptors and affect the usual hormone actions. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one such synthetic chemical used largely in the manufacturing of polycarbonate (PC) plastics and epoxy resins. These PC plastics are widely used in various home appliances, such as kitchen wares, storage containers, etc.; thus exposure to humans is apparently high. BPA is leached into food substances under various circumstances via elevated temperature, longer storage or shelf-life, acidic pH, high pressure, etc. [3][4][5][6][7] . The repeated use of containers is also attributed to the high migration of this compound 8 . The potential endocrine-disrupting effects of this compound have been studied widely. Though many scientific evidences have been produced, the results vary on the level of toxicity of BPA on animal and human model systems. The governments, international monitoring agencies and various national level federal agencies are not certain about whether or not to restrict the use of this compound in food-contact materials. The dose responses showed that discrepancies lie across species level as the human testis model is more sensitive than that of rat and other animal model studies 9 . These discrepancies lead to a critical status quo where most experiments are conducted in rat and other animal models. To restrict the use of BPA in food-contact materials, we need conclusive evidence suggesting significant toxicity over hormone systems. This article intends to examine the position of developing countries especially India at present on the regulation of BPA.

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Are potential sources for human exposure to bisphenol-A overlooked?

Cited by 285 publications

References 73 publications

Bisphenol A and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in US Children

Bisphenol A and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in US Children

Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure

Need for Regulatory Policies in India, on the Use of Bisphenol a in Food Contact Plastic Containers

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