Are piped water services reaching poor households? Empirical evidence from rural Viet Nam

Carrard, Naomi; Madden, Benjamin J.; Chong, Joanne; Grant, Melita; Tuyen, Nghiem Phuong; Bui, L; Ha, Hue Thi Thu; Willetts, Juliet

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.026

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…One example is the case of private sector providers, which have particular incentives to maximize volumes of water sold. Small-scale private water suppliers are increasingly supported by development agencies [103] and some governments, such as in Vietnam [104] and Cambodia [105]. Research in Vietnam found private water providers in rural areas seeking to increase customer demand for water as a strategy to improve business viability, but without consideration of sustainable abstraction rates [104].…”

Section: Regulatory Priorities For Sustainable Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small-scale private water suppliers are increasingly supported by development agencies [103] and some governments, such as in Vietnam [104] and Cambodia [105]. Research in Vietnam found private water providers in rural areas seeking to increase customer demand for water as a strategy to improve business viability, but without consideration of sustainable abstraction rates [104]. These issues are not only relevant to private providers and monitoring and regulation are critical irrespective of service delivery model.…”

Section: Regulatory Priorities For Sustainable Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns

Carrard

Foster

Willetts

2019

Water

Self Cite

206

101

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Groundwater is widely acknowledged to be an important source of drinking water in low-income regions, and it, therefore, plays a critical role in the realization of the human right to water. However, the proportion of households using groundwater compared with other sources is rarely quantified, with national and global datasets more focused on facilities—rather than resources—used. This is a significant gap in knowledge, particularly in light of efforts to expand water services in line with the inclusive and integrated agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the prevalence of groundwater reliance for drinking is critical for those involved in water services planning and management, so they can better monitor and advocate for management of water resources that supports sustainable services for households. This paper contributes data that can be used to strengthen the integration of resource considerations within water service delivery and inform the work of development partners supporting this area. We approach this issue from two perspectives. Firstly, we collate data on the proportion of households using groundwater as their primary drinking water source for 10 Southeast Asian and Pacific nations, finding an average of 66% (range of 17–93% for individual countries) of households in urban areas and 60% (range of 22–95%) of households in rural areas rely on groundwater for drinking. Together, these constitute 79% of the total population across the case study countries. Secondly, we review current and emerging groundwater resource concerns within each country, using a systems thinking approach to assess how groundwater resource issues influence household water services. Findings support the case for governments and development agencies to strengthen engagement with groundwater resource management as foundational for achieving sustainable water services for all.

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Section: Regulatory Priorities For Sustainable Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regulatory Priorities For Sustainable Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns

Carrard

Foster

Willetts

2019

Water

Self Cite

206

101

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“…Second, communities in more water scarce, vulnerable and inaccessible areas, may be left behind as investment gravitates to piped schemes requiring more productive water sources and skilled management. Furthermore, existing evidence suggests that poor households have lower rates of access to piped water supplies than higher income households 34 . Such households and/or communities may be forced to rely on hand-dug-wells, springs and surface water sources that offer little resilience to drought, and are vulnerable to contamination 8,15,35 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought

et al. 2020

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As rural African communities experience more frequent and extreme droughts, it is increasingly important that water supplies are climate resilient. Using a unique temporal dataset we explore rural water supply (n = 5196) performance during the 2015-16 drought in Ethiopia. Mean functionality ranged from 60% for motorised boreholes to 75% for handpumped boreholes. Real-time monitoring and responsive operation and maintenance led to rapid increases in functionality of hand-pumped and, to a lesser extent, motorised boreholes. Increased demand was placed on motorised boreholes in lowland areas as springs, hand-dugwells and open sources failed. Most users travelled >1 h to access motorised boreholes but <30 min, increasing to 30-60 mins, for hand-pumped boreholes. Boreholes accessing deep (>30 m) groundwater performed best during the drought. Prioritising access to groundwater via multiple improved sources and a portfolio of technologies, such as hand-pumped and motorised boreholes, supported by responsive and proactive operation and maintenance, increases rural water supply resilience.

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“…Although interventions designed to improve household water security are assumed to benefit residents equally, differential and unequal outcomes in areas where access to services has improved have been noted in a number of cases. This may result from a range of social, economic or institutional barriers (Cole et al, 2017;Nicol et al, 2018), such as where poor households remain locked into poor quality and inconvenient services (Carrard et al, 2019). Van Houweling et al (2017 report that in rural Mozambique the provision of handpumps reinforced existing differences in political affiliation in communities, reinforcing social divides.…”

Section: Inequalities In Household Water Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s vulnerability to climate-related risks to household water security in Centre-East, Burkina Faso

Dickin

Segnestam

Dakouré

2020

Climate and Development

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Variable climate conditions, resulting in periods of water scarcity and longer dry spells, or intense rainfall events, have serious implications for water and sanitation services. Climate change threatens to exacerbate these hazards, increasing risks to household water security, and associated impacts on health, wellbeing and livelihoods. These risks are not evenly distributed across individuals and communities, and there is a particular need to understand women's vulnerabilities and responses to these risks due to disproportionate impacts of poor water and sanitation conditions. This study used mixed-methods data collection to assess how vulnerabilities to climate-related risks to household water security are produced and vary among women in the Centre-East region, Burkina Faso, as well as capacities to respond. Gendered water-related roles and norms were found to drive vulnerabilities for women in the case study site particularly related to increasingly inadequate water availability during the dry season. Other social differences such as Mossi and Peul ethnicity which influence ways of using water, also contributed to women's differential vulnerability and capacities to respond. These findings show there is a need to consider how the development of 'climate resilient' water and sanitation services take social drivers of vulnerability into account.

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Are piped water services reaching poor households? Empirical evidence from rural Viet Nam

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns

Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns

Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought

Women’s vulnerability to climate-related risks to household water security in Centre-East, Burkina Faso

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