Are Owls and Larks Different When it Comes to Aggression? Genetics, Neurobiology, and Behavior

Deibel, Scott H.; McDonald, Robert J.; Kolla, Nathan J.

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00039

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…Can we say that a person with a newly introduced habit for two or three naps a day shifted into the infant-type temporal daily pattern? The concept of circadian rhythm misalignment or disruption is widely used to explain the extreme variability of sleep habits [ 26 ]. Without a precise definition of normality, it is not yet clear do we speak about synchronized and desynchronized circadian cycles and daily rhythms or about organized and disorganized people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Owls and larks do not exist: COVID-19 quarantine sleep habits

Roitblat¹,

Burger²,

Vaiman

et al. 2021

Sleep Medicine

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Background The coronavirus pandemic presented a unique opportunity to study the daily temporal patterns and sleep habits of humans. The question to be explored was: Are there discernible differences in sleep between the normal operational environment and the stay-at-home condition? Methods This international prospective study analyzed results from the sleep-wake patterns questionnaire, daily logs, and interviews. Surveys were administered to the healthy volunteers (age 15–60 y) with stay-at-home for a month or more, without previous sleep disorders and mood-related complaints; volunteers were not involved in online education/work daily timetable-related activities. Results We analyzed 3787 subjects with average stay-at-home of 65 ± 9 days. The most significant changes in sleep occurred during the first ten days when the difference between weekdays and weekends disappeared and changes occurred in napping habits. The majority of the participants (66.8%) shifted toward eveningness when the self-selected sleep was possible and 1869 volunteers appeared to be owls (49.4%), 823 (21.7%) exercised “typical” sleep, 478 (12.6%) were larks, and 617 (16.3%) participants were completely desynchronized to the end of stay-at-home. In addition, 497 participants (13.1%) alternated their sleep habits. The most of the desynchronized participants (n = 414) were older than 50 years (age correlation r = 0.80), and predominantly males (n = 297, r = 0.76). Conclusion In self-selected sleep conditions, the timing of sleep and sleep habits significantly differ from those of socially and economically fixed daily routine conditions. The changes in daily temporal patterns of humans during a prolonged stay-at-home situation indicate that human sleep habits may change according to existing living conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Owls and larks do not exist: COVID-19 quarantine sleep habits

Roitblat¹,

Burger²,

Vaiman

et al. 2021

Sleep Medicine

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“…The association of anger and impulsivity with eveningness has similarly been reported in community populations (13). Deibel et al (40) posited that mild yet chronic circadian misalignment associated with an evening type may contribute to the expression of aggressive behavior. Social jetlag is a mild yet chronic type of circadian misalignment experienced by a surprisingly large portion of the population (41)(42)(43)(44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Time of Day Matters: An Exploratory Assessment of Chronotype in a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

2020

Self Cite

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A growing body of evidence links the late chronotype to mental illness, aggression, and aversive personality traits. However, much of what we know about these associations is based on healthy cohorts, and it is unclear how individuals with high levels of aggression, including forensic psychiatric populations, but not offenders, are affected. The present study aimed to measure chronotype in a forensic psychiatric inpatient population, evaluate the impact of diagnosis, and identify any interactive relationships between chronotype, diagnosis, aggression, and dark triad traits. Subjects completed the reduced Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire–Short Form (BPAQ-SF), and Short Dark Triad Questionnaire (SD3). We sampled 55 forensic psychiatric patients (52 males) between the ages of 23 and 73 years (mean ± SD: 39.6 ± 14.3 years). Among the patients sampled, 25% were evening types and 36% were morning types. Eveningness was greater in patients with a personality disorder; however, no chronotype differences were found for psychosis patients. Patients without psychosis had a positive association between anger and eveningness, as well as between hostility and eveningness. For subjects with a substance use disorder, morningness was positively associated with narcissism. Conversely, an association between eveningness and greater narcissism was identified in patients who did not have a substance use disorder. These findings suggest that, compared to the general population, evening types are more prevalent in forensic psychiatric populations, with the strongest preference among patients diagnosed with a personality disorder. No differences in chronotype were identified for psychosis patients, which may be related to anti-psychotic medication dosing. Given the sex distribution of the sample, these findings may be more relevant to male populations.

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“…More specifically, social jet lag (defined as a discrepancy between the body's internal circadian clock and the actual sleep schedule) has been associated with increased physical and verbal aggression (Randler and Vollmer, 2013;Lin and Yi, 2015). Converging evidence also supports the notion that evening chronotypes exhibit a greater predisposition for behavioral aggression (Schlarb et al, 2014;Deibel et al, 2020). Recent work in transgenic mice also suggests that the master circadian pacemaker, located within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus, directly modulates a rhythm in the propensity for aggressive behavior via a polysynaptic pathway contained entirely in the hypothalamus (Todd et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Potential Pathways for Circadian Dysfunction and Sundowning-Related Behavioral Aggression in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

Todd

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias are commonly reported to exhibit aggressive behavior and other emotional behavioral disturbances, which create a tremendous caretaker burden. There has been an abundance of work highlighting the importance of circadian function on mood and emotional behavioral regulation, and recent evidence demonstrates that a specific hypothalamic pathway links the circadian system to neurons that modulate aggressive behavior, regulating the propensity for aggression across the day. Such shared circuitry may have important ramifications for clarifying the complex interactions underlying "sundowning syndrome," a poorly understood (and even controversial) clinical phenomenon in AD and dementia patients that is characterized by agitation, aggression, and delirium during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The goal of this review is to highlight the potential output and input pathways of the circadian system that may underlie circadian dysfunction and behavioral aggression associated with sundowning syndrome, and to discuss possible ways these pathways might inform specific interventions for treatment. Moreover, the apparent bidirectional relationship between chronic disruptions of circadian and sleepwake regulation and the pathology and symptoms of AD suggest that understanding the role of these circuits in such neurobehavioral pathologies could lead to better diagnostic or even preventive measures.

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Are Owls and Larks Different When it Comes to Aggression? Genetics, Neurobiology, and Behavior

Cited by 11 publications

References 208 publications

Owls and larks do not exist: COVID-19 quarantine sleep habits

Owls and larks do not exist: COVID-19 quarantine sleep habits

Time of Day Matters: An Exploratory Assessment of Chronotype in a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

Potential Pathways for Circadian Dysfunction and Sundowning-Related Behavioral Aggression in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

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