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Ulrich, suggested that movement preparation at the level of the motor cortex, as indexed by the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), proceeds in a strongly hierarchical fashion, where parameters other than response hand are prepared only if all the movement parameters are known. These conclusions were based on an experiment where a precue provided information about response hand, direction of finger movement, and movement force. To assess the generality of these findings, we replaced the force parameter with response finger. LRP indicated that preparation of the required finger is possible even when preliminary information is incomplete. Therefore, movement preparation appears to follow different rules when anatomical relationships (hand and finger) are concerned as compared to functional parameters like movement direction. On the other hand, at a limb-unspecific level, as indicated by the contingent negative variation, we confirmed evidence for parallel programming of all movement parameters.Descriptors: Lateralized readiness potential, Contingent negative variation, Movement preparation, Precuing Even very simple movements involve different dimensions and, therefore, require the specification of values along these dimensions. For example, flexing a finger requires the specification of the finger, the movement direction, its force, and velocity. According to the theory of generalized motor programs (Schmidt, 1975), values on movement dimensions are conceived as parameters of abstract motor programs. The assembly of concrete motor commands requires the selection of the motor program as well as the specification of all its parameters. A crucial question for theories about movement preparation is the organization of parameter specification. In principle, all necessary parameters might be specified independently and in parallel. Alternatively, specification of the various movement parameters might proceed in a predetermined, strictly hierarchical order (cf. Rosenbaum, 1980). In the present experiments, the structure of parameter specification is analyzed by means of recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Important headway in investigating the organization of movement preparation has been made by using the precuing technique developed by Rosenbaum (1980Rosenbaum ( , 1983. Here, a number of possible responses differ with respect to parameter values, for example, an upward or downward movement with the right or left index finger. A precue prior to the response signal may provide none, some, or all of the defining parameters of the response, allowing for different degrees of advance movement preparation. Finally, a response signal is presented that specifies the required response. In many experiments, it has been shown that reaction time (RT) to the response signal decreases with the number of parameters provided by the precue. This so-called precuing effect is considered to be informative about questions like the order of movement parameter selection, whether the selection of response parameters occurs ser...
Ulrich, suggested that movement preparation at the level of the motor cortex, as indexed by the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), proceeds in a strongly hierarchical fashion, where parameters other than response hand are prepared only if all the movement parameters are known. These conclusions were based on an experiment where a precue provided information about response hand, direction of finger movement, and movement force. To assess the generality of these findings, we replaced the force parameter with response finger. LRP indicated that preparation of the required finger is possible even when preliminary information is incomplete. Therefore, movement preparation appears to follow different rules when anatomical relationships (hand and finger) are concerned as compared to functional parameters like movement direction. On the other hand, at a limb-unspecific level, as indicated by the contingent negative variation, we confirmed evidence for parallel programming of all movement parameters.Descriptors: Lateralized readiness potential, Contingent negative variation, Movement preparation, Precuing Even very simple movements involve different dimensions and, therefore, require the specification of values along these dimensions. For example, flexing a finger requires the specification of the finger, the movement direction, its force, and velocity. According to the theory of generalized motor programs (Schmidt, 1975), values on movement dimensions are conceived as parameters of abstract motor programs. The assembly of concrete motor commands requires the selection of the motor program as well as the specification of all its parameters. A crucial question for theories about movement preparation is the organization of parameter specification. In principle, all necessary parameters might be specified independently and in parallel. Alternatively, specification of the various movement parameters might proceed in a predetermined, strictly hierarchical order (cf. Rosenbaum, 1980). In the present experiments, the structure of parameter specification is analyzed by means of recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Important headway in investigating the organization of movement preparation has been made by using the precuing technique developed by Rosenbaum (1980Rosenbaum ( , 1983. Here, a number of possible responses differ with respect to parameter values, for example, an upward or downward movement with the right or left index finger. A precue prior to the response signal may provide none, some, or all of the defining parameters of the response, allowing for different degrees of advance movement preparation. Finally, a response signal is presented that specifies the required response. In many experiments, it has been shown that reaction time (RT) to the response signal decreases with the number of parameters provided by the precue. This so-called precuing effect is considered to be informative about questions like the order of movement parameter selection, whether the selection of response parameters occurs ser...
The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying movement preprogramming in situations where informative but ambiguous precue information is used. In a response precuing task that involved flexion or extension movements with the right or left index finger, a spatially compatible precue conveyed partial information about side, about direction, no parameter information (ambiguous condition), or no information at all. Advance movement preparation was indicated by reaction-time shortening for all informative precue conditions. The analysis of stimulus-and response-locked lateralized readiness potential onsets revealed a clear and exclusive motoric origin of the ambiguous-precue benefit. Additional analyses ruled out a strategic trial by trial choice of just one of the two ambiguous alternatives and provided evidence for a parallel preparation of both response alternatives when information only about direction or ambiguous precue information is provided.
J. J. Adam et al. (1998) provided evidence for an "age-related deficit in preparing 2 fingers on 2 hands, but not on 1 hand" (p. 870). Instead of having an anatomical basis, the deficit could result from the effortful processing required for individuals to select cued subsets of responses that do not coincide with left and right subgroups. The deficit also could involve either the ultimate benefit that can be attained or the time required to attain that benefit. The authors report 3 experiments (Ns = 40, 48, and 32 participants, respectively) in which they tested those distinctions by using an overlapped hand placement (participants alternated the index and middle fingers of the hands), a normal hand placement, and longer precuing intervals than were used in previous studies. The older adults were able to achieve the full precuing benefit shown by younger adults but required longer to achieve the maximal benefit for most pairs of responses. The deficit did not depend on whether the responses were from different hands, suggesting that it lies primarily in the effortful processing required for those subsets of cued responses that are not selected easily.
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