Are mitochondria directly involved in biological mineralisation?

Mild Heat Shock Induces Proliferation, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, and Mineralization in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Mg-63 Cells In Vitro

“…However, so far, little is known about the effects of exposure to raised temperatures on osteoblasts. Previous studies have shown that biological mineralization is an energy‐dependent process and necessitates the participation of mitochondria, (46–48) and high temperature increases and low temperature decreases the size and number of mitochondria in osteoblasts in vivo (3) . Consistently, succinic dehydrogenase, one of the major mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy metabolism, is elevated in BMSCs at hyperthermia (our unpublished data).…”

The Evolution of Bone

“…In this context, it is noteworthy that no invertebrates possess skeletons of comparable vascularization, either superficial or internal, to that seen in vertebrates (Halstead, 1968). Given the vertebrate pattern of activity physiology and accompanying pH fluctuation, "bulk" flow might result in excessive mineral solubilization ifbulk processes were limiting factors to dissolution.…”

“…Freshwater and marine phosphate concentrations vary little except in some river deltas where human-generated effluent may contain high phosphate concentrations (Halstead, 1968). Why have vertebrates not used the skel-He assumed that ostracoderms were origietal support material that is almost univer-nally freshwater and, therefore, were forced sal among invertebrate groups?…”

Progress report for the US Department of Energy, December 1, 1978-October 31, 1979

“…These data may imply that cellular mechanisms for Ca transfer and homeostasis are intimately tied up with mitochondria and that biomineralization is an essential element in Ca2* regulation processes (Lehninger et al, 1967;Halstead, 1969;Shapiro and Greenspan, 1969).…”