Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations

Thurstan, Ruth H.; Hawkins, Julie P.; Neves, Luiza M.; Roberts, Callum M.

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.03.006

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Location (A4) and timing of use also define resource‐use patterns in simple but important ways. Lastly, the mode (A9) and intensity of resource use, including both consumptive (e.g., fishing) and nonconsumptive practices (e.g., dive tourism), are key characteristics of actors’ resource‐use patterns . Resource‐use patterns may vary in any one or all of these dimensions; these differences may lead to significant differences in the biological and social impacts of MPAs …”

Section: Operationalizing 3figs: Mpas As An Illustrative Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

A novel framework for analyzing conservation impacts: evaluation, theory, and marine protected areas

Mascia

Fox

Glew

et al. 2017

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Environmental conservation initiatives, including marine protected areas (MPAs), have proliferated in recent decades. Designed to conserve marine biodiversity, many MPAs also seek to foster sustainable development. As is the case for many other environmental policies and programs, the impacts of MPAs are poorly understood. Social-ecological systems, impact evaluation, and common-pool resource governance are three complementary scientific frameworks for documenting and explaining the ecological and social impacts of conservation interventions. We review key components of these three frameworks and their implications for the study of conservation policy, program, and project outcomes. Using MPAs as an illustrative example, we then draw upon these three frameworks to describe an integrated approach for rigorous empirical documentation and causal explanation of conservation impacts. This integrated three-framework approach for impact evaluation of governance in social-ecological systems (3FIGS) accounts for alternative explanations, builds upon and advances social theory, and provides novel policy insights in ways that no single approach affords. Despite the inherent complexity of social-ecological systems and the difficulty of causal inference, the 3FIGS approach can dramatically advance our understanding of, and the evidentiary basis for, effective MPAs and other conservation initiatives.

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Section: Operationalizing 3figs: Mpas As An Illustrative Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

A novel framework for analyzing conservation impacts: evaluation, theory, and marine protected areas

Mascia

Fox

Glew

et al. 2017

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…A number of studies have documented environmental impacts caused by snorkeling, scuba diving, recreational boating and whale watching Diedrich et al, 2011;Meyer et al, 2009;Stockin et al, 2008;Thurstan et al, 2012). These activities can also negatively impact local communities and the tourism experience itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowding in marine environments: Divers and whale watchers in the Azores

Bentz

Rodrigues

Dearden

et al. 2015

Ocean & Coastal Management

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“…Management closures involving moose (Alces alces; National Park Service 2013), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos; Parks Canada 2013), killer whales (Orcinus orca; Williams et al 2006), shorebirds (Burger and Niles 2012), and various other species (Thurstan et al 2012) are used to reduce human impact or protect humans. Yellowstone National Park (YNP) also uses management closures to protect threatened grizzly bears.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Grizzly bear and human interaction in Yellowstone National Park: An evaluation of bear management areas

Coleman

Schwartz²,

Gunther

et al. 2013

J Wildl Manag

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Wildlife managers often rely on permanent or temporary area closures to reduce the impact of human presence on sensitive species. In 1982, Yellowstone National Park created a program to protect threatened grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) from human disturbance. The bear management area (BMA) program created areas of the park where human access was restricted. The program was designed to allow unhindered foraging opportunities for bears, decrease the risk of habituation, and provide safety for backcountry users. The objective of our study was to evaluate human‐bear interaction in BMAs and determine if they were effective. We used human and grizzly bear global positioning system location data to study 6 of 16 BMAs from 2007 to 2009. We contrasted data when BMAs were unrestricted (open human access) and restricted (limited human access). We used location data collected when BMAs were unrestricted to delineate a human recreation area (HRA) and determined a daily human active and inactive period. We applied the HRA and daily activity times to bear location data and evaluated how bear movement behavior changed when people were present and absent. We found that grizzly bears were twice as likely to be within the HRA when BMAs were restricted. We also found that grizzly bears were more than twice as likely to be within the HRA when BMAs were unrestricted, but people were inactive. Our results suggest that human presence can displace grizzly bears if people are allowed unrestricted access to the 6 BMAs in our study. Our study provides evidence for the utility of management closures designed to protect a threatened species in a well‐visited park. Our approach can be reapplied by managers interested in balancing wildlife conservation and human recreation. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.

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Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

A novel framework for analyzing conservation impacts: evaluation, theory, and marine protected areas

A novel framework for analyzing conservation impacts: evaluation, theory, and marine protected areas

Crowding in marine environments: Divers and whale watchers in the Azores

Grizzly bear and human interaction in Yellowstone National Park: An evaluation of bear management areas

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