“…The mechanism of cell adhesion and the resulting morphology on different surfaces is complex, often dependent on a wide range of factors such as the protein species adsorbed on the surfaces [ 16 , 17 ], surface structure geometries [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], roughness [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and surface energy of the substrata [ 22 , 28 ]. Recently, novel functional biocompatible ferroelectric materials, such as lithium niobate and lithium tantalate, have been used to manipulate cell behavior [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In particular, the surface charge of these materials is able to enhance osteoblast function, mineral formation [ 31 ], and create human neuroblastoma cell patterns [ 35 ].…”