Are lignin-derived monomers and polymers truly sustainable? An in-depth green metrics calculations approach

Fadlallah, Sami; Roy, Pallabi Sinha; Garnier, Gil; Saito, Kei; Allais, Florent

doi:10.1039/d0gc03982a

Cited by 72 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(335 reference statements)

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“…Lignin is a vast source of renewable phenols and used to produce biobased polymers. In general, besides as source for feedstocks replacement, greenness of the overall process should also be a criterion to judge the sustainability when compared with fossil-derived materials [118].…”

Section: Classification Of Benzoxazine Monomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers

et al. 2021

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Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.

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Section: Classification Of Benzoxazine Monomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers

et al. 2021

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“…The sustainable development of epoxy resin polymer networks derived from renewable sources is feasible because of the presence of more bio‐based units in the polymer network instead of petroleum‐based units 8 . Thus, the synthesis of polymer materials from bio‐based renewable compounds can decrease the dependence on non‐renewable fossil fuel resources 9–11 . Various natural resources 12 such as vegetable oils 13 (linseed, 14 soybean, 15 and castor oil), 16 carbohydrates, 17 itaconic acid, 18 tannins, 19 rosin, 20 and lignin 21,22 are promising raw materials for the development of renewable bio‐based polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of isoeugenol biobased epoxy polymer by forming α‐hydroxyl ester and degradation studies

Sivanesan

Seo

Lim

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The synthesis of bio‐based monomers and polymers from renewable feedstock, such as plant biomass, is desirable because of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the reliance of thermosetting epoxy resin on non‐renewable petrochemical monomers. Despite the excellent polymeric properties of bisphenol‐based epoxy resins, these negatively impact human health. Herein, the synthesis of self‐curable epoxy polymers from the bio‐based material isoeugenol by forming α‐hydroxyl esters is reported. The epoxides are named AB (single epoxide and ester groups) and A2B2 (double epoxide and ester groups), based on the number of active ester and epoxide groups. The materials derived from the bio‐based material, AB and A2B2, were initiated with and without the catalyst N,N′‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and curing agent diaminodiphenylmethane. Without the catalyst, AB and A2B2 self‐polymerized at 247 and 210°C, respectively. Notably, the polymerization temperatures for AB and A2B2 decreased after the addition of DMAP. The self‐cured epoxy resin without the catalyst showed the highest thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg = 156°C). Degradation and recovery studies suggested forward that 51% of the material could be recovered and 94% of the polymer could be degraded from the self‐cured A2B2 in 25 wt% NaOH solution.

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“…[ 7 , 10 , 11 ] As a result, lignin depolymerization into functionalized bio‐aromatics, i. e., monomers, dimers and oligomers, will become the main bio‐based route towards sustainable aromatic chemicals and building blocks for polymer synthesis or other high value applications. [ 5 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] Unfortunately, most polysaccharide focused industries discard lignin as a waste product. As a result, an estimated 100 million tonnes of lignin (technical lignins), mainly coming from the paper and pulping industry, is annually burned as low value fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter consists of functionalized aromatic building blocks, which are linked through mostly ether (C−O) and, to a lesser extent, carbon‐carbon (C−C) bonds, making it the largest renewable source of aromatics [7,10,11] . As a result, lignin depolymerization into functionalized bio‐aromatics, i. e., monomers, dimers and oligomers, will become the main bio‐based route towards sustainable aromatic chemicals and building blocks for polymer synthesis or other high value applications [5,11–18] . Unfortunately, most polysaccharide focused industries discard lignin as a waste product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast screening of Depolymerized Lignin Samples Through 2D‐Liquid Chromatography Mapping

et al. 2021

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Lignin valorization and particularly its depolymerization into bio‐aromatics, has emerged as an important research topic within green chemistry. However, screening of catalysts and reaction conditions within this field is strongly constrained by the lack of analytical techniques that allow for fast and detailed mapping of the product pools. This analytical gap results from the inherent product pool complexity and the focus of the state‐of‐the‐art on monomers and dimers, overlooking the larger oligomers. In this work, this gap is bridged through the development of a quasi‐orthogonal GPC‐HPLC‐UV/VIS method that is able to separate the bio‐aromatics according to molecular weight (hydrodynamic volume) and polarity. The method is evaluated using model compounds and real lignin depolymerization samples. The resulting color plots provide a powerful graphical tool to rapidly assess differences in reaction selectivity towards monomers and dimers as well as to identify differences in the oligomers.

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Are lignin-derived monomers and polymers truly sustainable? An in-depth green metrics calculations approach

Abstract: The usage of renewable resources has become a hot topic upon the rising global awareness against fossil feedstock consumption. Lignin, the 2nd most abundant natural polymer on Earth, is an...

Cited by 72 publications

References 238 publications

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers

Synthesis of isoeugenol biobased epoxy polymer by forming α‐hydroxyl ester and degradation studies

Fast screening of Depolymerized Lignin Samples Through 2D‐Liquid Chromatography Mapping

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