Are infant/toddler developmental delays a problem across rural China?

Wang, Lei; Liang, Wilson; Yu, Cordelia; Li, Mengjie; Zhang, Siqi; Sun, Yonglei; Ma, Qingrui; Johnsson, Laura; Abbey, Cody; Luo, Renfu; Yue, Ai; Bai, Yu; Rozelle, Scott

doi:10.1016/j.jce.2019.02.003

Cited by 78 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The Stata 15.0 was used for data analysis. Table 2 reports the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of Equation (1). Parenting skills are positively associated with the child's cognitive and motor development at the 5% significance level, and are positively associated with the child's language and social-emotional development at the 1% significance level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The BSID-III includes four scales, assessing the child's cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional development, respectively. These scales have been formally adapted to the Chinese language and context, and have been used in multiple studies across rural China [1].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental delay remains a significant problem among young children in rural areas of China. New estimates show that, in four major subpopulations of rural China, 85% of the children aged 0-3 years suffer from at least one kind of developmental delay [1]. Specifically, nearly half (49%) of the children exhibited cognitive delays, and 30% had motor delays, while more than half were delayed in language skills (52%) and social-emotional skills (53%) [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between Parenting Skills and Early Childhood Development in Rural Households in Western China

Zhong

Chen

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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This paper empirically investigates the relationships between caregivers’ parenting skills and early cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional development of children aged 6–24 months. The study is based on data from a survey conducted in 100 villages in a typical poor rural area in western China. A total of 1715 households were enrolled in the study. In the study, Parent and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS), Bayley Scales of Infant Development version III (BSID-III), and a socioeconomic questionnaire were used to measure caregiver’s parenting skills, child’s development outcomes, and socioeconomic characteristics in sample households, respectively. Multivariate regression was used to estimate the relationship between a caregiver’s parenting skills and the child’s development outcomes. The results show that, first, parenting skills are positively and significantly associated with children’s cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional development, and the link between parenting skills and social-emotional development is the strongest; second, the correlation between parenting skills and development outcomes varies across socioeconomic characteristics and parenting skill dimensions. The results provide evidence for the relationship between parenting skills and early childhood development in rural households in western China. Our findings also suggest that interventions aimed at improving caregivers’ parenting skills during the early stages are necessary for human capital development in rural China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between Parenting Skills and Early Childhood Development in Rural Households in Western China

Zhong

Chen

et al. 2020

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“…In practice, this means that in addition to living in poor, remote, mountainous regions, rural Chinese populations can also be found in villages in the plains (where resources are generally less scarce than in the mountains), in resettlement communities (residential communities created by the state to consolidate the scattered poor rural populations living in mountainous villages by providing these households with subsidized housing [ 22 ]), and in migrant communities located in large urban centers [ 23 ]. In fact, only about 26% of China’s rural infants and toddlers actually live in poor mountainous regions [ 24 ]. In contrast, 29% of rural infants and toddlers are growing up in plains villages and 13% are growing up in migrant communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, 29% of rural infants and toddlers are growing up in plains villages and 13% are growing up in migrant communities. Including the rural infants and toddlers in resettlement villages (1.4%), more than two-thirds (69%) of China’s rural infants and toddlers and nearly half of all infants and toddlers (49% = 69% of 71% of China’s total number of children who have permanent rural residency [ 24 ]) live in one of these four subpopulations (western China rural communities, resettlement communities, central China rural communities, or migrant communities).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Infant/Toddler Anemia a Problem across Rural China? A Mixed-Methods Analysis

Wang

Sun

Liu

et al. 2018

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In the past, iron-deficiency anemia in children has had a widespread presence in rural China. Given the recent economic growth in China, it is unclear if anemia among infants/toddlers remains a problem. The objective of this study is to measure the anemia rate in rural Chinese infants/toddlers across four major subpopulations and attempt to discover the sources of anemia. We use a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data on 2909 rural Chinese infants/toddlers and their families with qualitative interviews with 84 caregivers of infants aged 6 to 30 months. Quantitative analysis indicates that the overall prevalence of anemia (43%) within sampled infants/toddlers was high, especially in comparison to the low rates of stunting (2–5%), being underweight (2%), and wasting (2–4%). These findings suggest that in rural China, anemia stems from the poor quality of the diets of infants/toddlers, rather than insufficient quantities of food being consumed. Qualitative analysis illustrates the factors that are contributing to anemia. Caregivers do not understand the causes of this condition, the symptoms that would lead one to recognize this condition, or the steps needed to treat their child with this condition. The findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the limited awareness of anemia among rural Chinese caregivers.

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Concurrent validity of the MacArthur communicative development inventory, the Ages and Stages Questionnaires and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: A study in rural China

Yue

Luo

Jia

et al. 2021

Infant and Child Development

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We aimed to evaluate the validity of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires Edition 3 (ASQ‐3) and the MacArthur communicative development inventory (CDI) as a screening measure for children at risk of language development delay in western rural China, by comparing them to the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID‐III). We administered the BSID‐III on 1,079 children (aged 8–24 months) and administered the ASQ‐3 and the CDI to their caregivers. We found a significant, low‐to‐moderate correlation between the three scales. Further, correlation strength increased with age of the child and was stronger when the mother was the primary caregiver. We also found that the sensitivity and specificity of the ASQ‐3 ranged widely. The overall findings suggest that the ASQ‐3 and the CDI may not be very accurate screening tools for identifying language development delays in children, especially those under 17 months or whose primary caregiver is not their mother. Highlights We evaluated the accuracy of language sections of three scales (CDI, ASQ‐3 and BSID‐III) for rural children in western China. Multiple methods were utilized and showed a significant, low‐to‐moderate correlation between the three scales. Our findings revealed that both ASQ‐3 and CDI are not accurate screening tools for identifying language development delays in children.

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Are infant/toddler developmental delays a problem across rural China?

Cited by 78 publications

References 27 publications

Relationships between Parenting Skills and Early Childhood Development in Rural Households in Western China

Relationships between Parenting Skills and Early Childhood Development in Rural Households in Western China

Is Infant/Toddler Anemia a Problem across Rural China? A Mixed-Methods Analysis

Concurrent validity of the MacArthur communicative development inventory, the Ages and Stages Questionnaires and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: A study in rural China

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