Are Immigrants Really Lacking Social Networking Skills? The Crucial Role of Reciprocity in Building Ethnically Diverse Networks

Abstract

International audienc

Multiculturalism within individuals: A review, critique, and agenda for future research

“…For example, sociology and anthropology research examines how social relationships and networks can pressure multicultural individuals towards or away from their own cultural groups (e.g., James, Jenks & Prout, 1998;Ngo, 2008;Windzio, 2015), especially for those with lower power or status, or whose ethnic ancestry is visibly different from the mainstream in a society (e.g., Gowricharn & Çankaya, 2017;Siebers, 2015). A combination of socio-political factors, including societal attitudes about minorities, country-level policies related to immigrants, and level of cultural diversity in an area, have been shown to influence individual-level multiculturalism (e.g., Barwick, 2017;Bean, Brown, Bachmeier, Fokkema, & Lessard-Phillips, 2012;Berry, 1997;Korac, 2003).…”

“…They are fundamentally concerned with the structure of links or ties between nodes (e.g. between groups or individuals; Barwick, 2017). Anthropology and sociology research suggests that ties to people of different cultures can influence individual-level multiculturalism.…”

EthniCity of Leisure: A Domains Approach to Ethnic Integration During Free Time Activities

“…The social closure based on ethnic background is more common among Estonians (cf. Barwick ), and they only tend to establish relationships of trust, mutuality and reciprocity (cf. Ryan ) with minorities who are more like themselves.…”

Transnationalism and intra‐European mobility among Europe's second generation: review and research agenda

“…Regions can also play a vital role, as the differences in economic performance between, for example, north-west and south-east Europe, or east and west Germany illustrate. Moreover, as my own research has shown, the neighbourhood level can function as another significant marker: second-generation Turkish Germans experience much more discrimination in middle-class, native-German-dominated neighbourhoods than in ethnically and socioeconomically mixed ones (Barwick 2017).…”